• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.126-135
• /
• 2002

Plate bonding technique has been widely used in strengthening of existing concrete structures, although it has often a serious problem of premature falure such as interface separation and rip-off. However, this premature failure problem has not been well explored yet especially in view of local failure mechanism around the interface of plate ends. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to identify the local failure of strengthened plates and to derive a separation criterion at the interface of plates. To this end, a comprehensive experimental program has been set up. The double lap pull-out tests considering pure shear force and half beam tests considering combined flexure-shear force were performed. The main experimental parameters include plate thickness, adhesive thickness, and plate end arrangement. The strains along the longitudinal direction of steel plates have been measured and the shear stress were calculated from those measures strains. The effects of plate thickness, bonded length, and plate end treatment have been also clarified from the present test results. Nonlinear finite element analysis has been performed and compared with test results. The Interface properties are also modeled to present the separation failure behavior of strengthened members. The cracking patterns as well as maximum failure loads agree well with test data. The relation between maximum shear and normal stresses at the interface has been derived to propose a separation failure criterion of strengthened members. The present study allows more realistic analysis and design of externally strengthened flexural member with steel plates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.460-472
• /
• 1995

This study was aimed to provide understanding on the eco-physiological response of barley tillers as affected by difference in seeding date. Yield and yield contribution rates of tillers were investigated with the data of field experiments in the former Wheat and Barley Research Institute of Suwon, Korea from September 1982 to July 1984. When barley was sowed 15 days earlier than or at the locally recommended sowing date (i.e. October 5), it produced more mainstem leaves than the that sowed 15 days later than the local recommendation. The effective tillers (i.e. ear-bearing tillers) were observed in concurrently occurring leaves up to 10/0 (abbreviation of the 10th mainstem leaf) from early and optimum sowed crops, while 9/0 from late sowed crops. Tillering followed the production rule of Gatayama(l952) which has the linear leaf appearance pattern. Early sowing produced more effective tillers, but the highest production of effective ears (i.e. ears heavier than 0.505g) was noticed in sowing at the recommended date. The tillers in the axil of first leaf in mainstem (abbreviated as 1) produced more effective ears than other mainstem tillers (i.e. primary tillers such as C, 2, 3 and 4). The tillers from the axil of first leaf, whether they were primary or secondary, always performed better in the production of effective tillers, grains per ear, grain weight, and grain yield per ear than those from the axil of coleoptile or prophyll. Other tillers from subsequent leaves were also inferior in production with the order of their appearance, thus making first leaf tillers as the best performer(e.g. 1 against C, 2, 3, 4 of primary tillers, 11 and 21 against 1P, 12, 13, 2P, 22 of secondary tillers). Even though the first leaf tiller from the first mainstem leaf(i.e. 11) emerged at a same time with the fourth mainstem leaf tiller(i.e. 4), it was always a better producer of ears and grains. The above observations of hierarchy among tillers were persistent irrespective of cropping conditions and treatments. Sowing at the recommended date produced more effective tillers and grains per ear than early or late sowing. In early and late sowings, more grains per effective ear were observed by early sowing, whereas more grains per ear were produced by late sowing. The order of performance in production of effective tillers and ears per plant was as follows: optimum > early > late sowings. In optimum sowing the mainstems were the highest in grain weight per ear, while the first leaf tillers were the ones in early sowing probably due to winter damage on mainstem ears. Yield contribution by the tillers was greater with the following order irrespective of sowing dates: mainstem, 1, 2, 3, C, 11, 12 and Cl. The contribution of CP, 2P, 21 and 31 varied with sowings.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.114-119
• /
• 1987

Banana blast was frequently encountered in greenhouses of Jeju province during a local survey of plan diseases from 1985 to 1986. The disease incidence on banana was very severe up to $100\%$ in a greenhouse. The causal fungus was identified as Pyricularia angulata Hashioka based on mycological characteristics and Path genicity of the fungus. The symptom of blast produced on leaves of banana was circular to oval, dark brow spots with yellow margins which measured 1-10mm in diameter, and the symptom on fruits was circular to oval reddish brown or dark brown, depressed spots which measured up to 20mm in diameter. The symptoms were scattered not only on leaves and fruits of banana but. also on petioles, leaf sheaths, bunch stalks and crowns The pathogen was characterized that conidia were hyaline, 2 septated, ovate to pyriform with a small hilum solitary at ends of den tides of conidiophores, and measured $16.0-34.0\times7.0-12.0{\mu}m$ (average $22.5\times9.0{\mu}m$) and conidiophores were mostly 2 septated, occasionally 2 or 3 branched, denticulate at the tips, and measured $7.5-100.0\times3.0-5.0{\mu}m$(average $90.0\times4.0{\mu}m$). The optimum temperature range for mycelial growth of the fungus on PDA was $26-28^{\circ}C$. The result of pathogenicity tests revealed that P. angulata had pathogenicity only on banana. On the other hand Pyricularia grisea (Cke.) Sacc. isolated from Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scopo. was not pathogenic to banana. It was revealed that the leaves were the most susceptible to P. angulata among several parts of banana in inoculation tests. Thirty-day-old fruits of banana were more susceptible to the fungus than 60-day-old fruits, and bunch stalks were more susceptible than the fruits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.441-455
• /
• 2003

The most common water types are found to be Ca-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$ and Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl in Gwangju groundwater. Groundwater near the Gwangju stream are characterized Ca-Cl water type, with over 50 mg/L of C1- and 400 ${\mu}$S/cm of EC. The systematic variation of $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$,- EC and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values in groundwater with distance away from drainages is caused by streamwater infiltration. Stable isotope data indicate that ${\gamma}$D and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of groundwaters near drainages were enriched by evaporation effect, showing a equation of ${\gamma}$D=7. 1${\times}{\gamma}^{18}O$-1. ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values over -6${\textperthansand}$ are anomalous in the unconfined groundwater zones, which are influenced by the local surface water enriched in $^{18}O$ composition. Groundwater in highland shows remarkably light ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values below -8$\textperthousand$. The infiltration of streamwater is dominant in unconfined alluvium aquifer near drainages. ${\gamma}^{13}$CDIC values (-17.6∼-15.2$\textperthousand$) of groundwaters near drainages revealed that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is predominantly originated from natural soil-derived $CO_2$. ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of nitrate are 0∼17.0${\textperthansand}$ and 6.6∼17.4${\textperthansand}$, respectively. Relationship between ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ shows a systematic isotopic fractionation caused by denitrification of 40∼60%, suggesting that the major source of groundwater nitrate originated from nitrate of soils, and mixing nitrate of soil and sewage or manure.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.321-328
• /
• 2003

The epithermal gold and base metal deposit of the Tanggeung district of West Java consists of four major veins(Celak, Cigodobras, Cilangkap and Pasirbedil) with NS to N10$^{\circ}$∼20$^{\circ}$E and N75$^{\circ}$W strikes. The veins occur within fractures cutting the crystal and lithic tuff of Jampang Formation(Oligo-Miocene) in and around the Mt. Subang of the western Java, Indonesia. The ore mineralization is characterized by the occurrence of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and small amounts of bornite and Fe-oxides. Hydrothermal alteration, associated with the mineralization, was dominantly silicified and enveloped by the phyllitic(sericitic), argillic and propylitic alteration containing the disseminated pyrite. Gangue minerals consist of interstratified smectite-illite, chlorite, sericite, and minor kaolinite. The presence of vapor-rich fluid inclusions in quartz veins suggests that boiling occurred locally throughout ore deposition. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that the ore fluid evolved from initial high temperatures(〓34$0^{\circ}C$) to later lower temperatures(〓19$0^{\circ}C$). Salinities range from 0.0 to 8.3 wt percent NaCl equiv. The relatively high increase in salinity(up to 8.3 wt percent NaCl equiv) might be explained by a local boiling and by a participation of magmatic fluids, supported by the sulfur isotope results. Evidence of fluid boiling suggests that the pressure decreased from 200 bars to 120 bars. This corresponds to the depths of approximately 750 to 1,200 m in a hydrothermal system that changed from lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions. Using homogenization temperatures and paragenetic constraints, the calculated $\delta$$^{34}$ S values of $H_2S$ in ore fluid are -0.2 to 1.8 permil close to the 0 permil isotopic value of magmatic sulfur.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of embryo sources such as in vivo vs. in vitro produced blastocyst, and culture systems on the membrane permeability and viability of bovine blastocyst following GMP vitrification. To produce in vivo embryos, six cows were superovulated by administration of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$(PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$). in vitro embryos were produced by two different culture systems, oviduct co-culture (OCS) and defined culture system (HECM-6; DCS). Ovaries were picked up at a local slaughterhouse and transported to laboratory in 3$0^{\circ}C$ saline within 2 h. Ovaries were washed with same saline three times and then placed in saline on warm plate adjusted at 3$0^{\circ}C$ during aspiration. The blastocysts produced were assigned for membrane permeability and viability following GMP vitrification. The membrane permeability of blastocysts was checked in 0.5 M sucrose solution on warm plate at 35$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 5 and 7 min, respectively. Then the diameters (width and length) of embryo cytoplasms were measured by a eyepiece meter, and they were converted to their volume by 4/3 $\pi$ $r^3$. The blastocysts were cryopreserved by GMP vitrification method, where they were sequentially placed into vitrification solution before being loaded into GMP vessels and immersed into L$N_2$ within 20 to 25 sec. Post-thaw blastocysts were serially washed in 0.25 and 0.15 M sucrose in HM and TCM-199 for 5 min each, and then cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS for 24 or 48 h. The volume change of in vivo blastocyst at 0, 2, 5 and 7 min (100, 37.1, 34.3 and 31.6%) was significantly more shrunk than those of in vitro blastocysts derived from OCS (100, 59.8, 48.9, 47.9%) and DCS (100, 57.2, 47.3 and 46.9%) (P＜0.05). The viability of post-thaw blastocyst derived from in vivo (93.6%) was also significantly different from those in OCS and DCS (81.9 and 83.6%; P＜0.05). In the present culture system, the morphology of embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo embryos, but the quality in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability showed a big difference from their sources as in vivo or in vitro derived from OCS and DCS. The results indicated that the quality of in vivo embryos in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability was better than those of in vitro embryos derived from OCS or DCS.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 2010

TV news anchor woman's appearance, voice, expression, and clothing, etc., have an influence on the reliability of the article to be reported. Among these, clothing is the most crucial factor in forming an anchor woman's image, especially the clothing color factor. This study is aimed at providing the basic foundation for anchor woman when they select the clothing color by analyzing the clothing color image on the screen. For this purpose, the KBS and MBC 9 o'clock news desk and SBS 8 o'clock news of the local major news programs were selected. With the collection of 300 pieces of news clips related to anchor woman's clothing from January to December 2008, they were classified into F/W seasons and analyzed by the clothing color. The surveying method of clothing color was to capture the anchor woman's clothing among the news clips, then pick the representing color by applying Adobe Photoshop, and researching the formed $L^*a^*b^*$ value of color chips. The surveyed color was transformed into value of distant cell, H V/C, and the results were analyzed. As a result, it showed that the White system for anchor woman's clothing during the S/S seasons is most frequently picked, followed by the Red system. In F/W seasons, Gray system is the most favored, then White and Red, respectively. It was revealed that the most frequently selected colors for upper-wear by anchor women in the three broadcasting stations was an achromatic color, such as White or Gray, and then the chromatic color, Red. It shows that there is no big difference in season. The Inner-wear color matched the jackets which were also achromatic in color, white and black being the most favored in the S/S seasons, and in the case of chromatic colors, Red was the most favored. In addition to this, identical coloration with jacket, coloration with similar color, or single color as clothing color were no less frequently adopted. During the F/W seasons, identical coloration accounts for 26%, the most popular colored being White and Red. It was found that the coloration with achromatic colors are highly favored in the three major broadcasting stations alike.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 1999년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 1999

Baikdu-san was a very active volcano during the Cenozoic era and is believed to be formed in late Cenozoic era. Recently it was also reported that there was a major eruption in or around 1002 A.D. and there are evidences which indicate that it is still an active volcano and a potential volcanic hazard. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor various natural hazards, including volcanic hazards. However, during an active volcanic eruption, volcanic ash can basically cover the sky and often blocks the solar radiation preventing any use of optical sensors. Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an ideal tool to monitor the volcanic activities and lava flows, because the wavelength of the microwave signal is considerably longer that the average volcanic ash particle size. In this study we have utilized several sets of SAR data to evaluate the utility of the space-borne SAR system. The data sets include JERS-1(L-band) SAR, and RADARSAT(C-band) data which included both standard mode and the ScanSAR mode data sets. We also utilized several sets of auxiliary data such as local geological maps and JERS-1 OPS data. The routine preprocessing and image processing steps were applied to these data sets before any attempts of classifying and mapping surface geological features. Although we computed sigma nought ($\sigma$$^{0}$) values far the standard mode RADARSAT data, the utility of sigma nought image was minimal in this study. Application of various types of classification algorithms to identify and map several stages of volcanic flows was not very successful. Although this research is still in progress, the following preliminary conclusions could be made: (1) sigma nought (RADARSAT standard mode data) and DN (JERS-1 SAR and RADARSAT ScanSAR data) have limited usefulness for distinguishing early basalt lava flows from late trachyte flows or later trachyte flows from the old basement granitic rocks around Baikdu-san volcano, (2) surface geological structure features such as several faults and volcanic lava flow channels can easily be identified and mapped, and (3) routine application of unsupervised classification methods cannot be used for mapping any types of surface lava flow patterns.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• 제14호
• /
• pp.82-89
• /
• 1998

During the boom of museum building in the 1970s-80s two museum wee erected in Germany. They are James Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and hans Hollein's Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Monchengladbach, These two museums share the folowing point of similarity : Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and Hollein's Staditisches Museum Abetiberg Monchenbladbach both manifest the conditions of the times in light of their respective cities' local characters and historical contexts without being bound to traditional formality. Stirling and Hollein attempted to grasp the meaning of the 기nuseum as a city in miniature." Taking into account the t two museums’s territorial characteristics of being situated on a slope, both Stirling and Hollein made the walker to pass t through their building complex and introduced the concept of a public square within them. As a result, the museums are not j just two large buildings but are architecture composed of a collage of various structures. S Stirling’s architecture employs the method of attaching additional elements on top of basic constituents, which is suggestive '||'&'||'#61551; of the historical fragment from Shinkel's Altes Museum. On the other hand, Hollein applies a collage-style method as if he w were doing urban planning, maintaining the distinctiveness of each of the various forms and materials of buildings. T The object style buildings of the two museums actively demonstrate the contrast of double meaning to represent the a ambiguous and multifarious characteristics of the modern times. Stirling explores the theme of opposition and coexistence in h his Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart by placing a series of opposing concepts, such as the past and present and histor${\gamma}$ and t technology, in one space. Thereby, the contradiction and its appeal are manifested. Hollein made use of the visual illusion and c contradiction in alluding to the irony of the modern reality induced by nature and culture and history and technology. F For the above reasons and methods, James Stirling ’ s Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart allowed the penetration of art into daily l life and became the general public’s favored museum for its free and unrestrained environment. Likewise, Hans Hollein’s S Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Moncbengladbach contribute to the development of museum function as it an expression of art i in the form of a complex piece of scupture on its own.ts own.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to compare different superovulation treatments using PMSG or PG600$^{ }$ and to determine the optimal time of oocyte recovery after hCG administration. A total of 90 prepubertal Yorkshire x Landrace gilts crossed with Duroc, 6~7 months old and 100~120 kg of body weight, were used. PMSG (1,500 IU/head) or 5~7.5 ml of PG600$^{ }$(400 IU of PMSG and 200 IU of hCG) were administrated subcutaneously, and then 1,000 IU of hCG were administered intramuscularly at 72 hours after PMSG or PG600$^{ }$ injection. At carious time of 44, 46, 48 and 50 hours after hCG injection, superovulated gilts were slaughtered in a local abattoir. Ovaries together with oviducts were excised from the body immediately after slaughtered and transported to laboratory in 39$^{\circ}C$ saline. Ovaries were examined fur the number of corpus hemorrhagicum and unovulated follicles present in the surface of ovary. The unovulated follicles were categorized into small (1~3 mm in diameter) and large (4~8 mm) groups according to their diameter. Oocytes were recovered by flushing both oviducts with micropipette tip (1~100 $\mu$l) attached to a 10-ml disposable syringe. The number of CH on ovary and recovered oocytes at 46, 48 and 50 hr after hCG injection in PG600$^{ }$ treated groups were significantly higher than the other group. Group of phCG 50 hr among PMSG treated groups had a greater number of CH and recovered oocytes(P<0.05). The number of CH on ovary and recovered oocytes at 50 hr after hCG injection in 1$\frac{1}{2}$ vial(7.5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated groups was significantly higher than 1 vial(5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated group(P<0.05). In conclusions, considering a number of corpus hemorrhagicum and recovered oocytes after superovulation in gilts, effective time of oocyte recovery by treatment with PMSG and hCG was post-hCG 50 hr and with PG600$^{ }$ plus hCG was post-hCG 46, 48 and 50 hr. Also, admini-stration of 1$\frac{1}{2}$ vial(7.5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated group had a great number of CH and recovered oocytes.covered oocytes.