• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.627-641
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• 2014

Functionally graded steels (FGSs) are a family of functionally graded materials (FGMs) consisting of ferrite (${\alpha}$), austenite (${\gamma}$), bainite (${\beta}$) and martensite (M) phases placed on each other in different configurations and produced via electroslag remelting (ESR). In this research, the flow stress of dual layer austenitic-martensitic functionally graded steels under hot deformation loading has been modeled considering the constitutive equations which describe the continuous effect of temperature and strain rate on the flow stress. The mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory is used here to determine the position of each layer considering the relationship between the hardness of the layer and the composite dislocation density profile. Then, the released energy of each layer under a specified loading condition (temperature and strain rate) is related to the dislocation density utilizing the mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory. The flow stress of the considered FGS is obtained by using the appropriate coefficients in the constitutive equations of each layer. Finally, the theoretical model is compared with the experimental results measured in the temperature range $1000-1200^{\circ}C$ and strain rate 0.01-1 s-1 and a sound agreement is found.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.461-469
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• 2004

This research is to determine the stormwater effects on sewer concentrations by measuring and comparing the flow and pollutant concentrations during dry and rainy periods in the existing BOX type combined sewer pipes. The monitoring was carried out in two sites, which are the Daesachen outfall having PE separation wall in BOX type combined sewer pipes and the Yongunchen outfall not having seperatioin wall. The average flow-weighted BOD concentraion in Yongunchen outfall is 2-fold lower than in Daesachen outfall because of the dilution effect from ravine water. However, the pollutant mass loading is 16 fold higher in Yongunchen outfall than in Daesachen outfall because of more flows. According to the research, the separation wall controls 52% pollutant mass during a storm period (11.5 mm/hr rainfall intensity). Therefore, the Yongunchen combined sewer system (CSS) need separation wall to control and to prevent more pollutant input in stream. In Daesachen area, the maximum sewer flow rate during a storm period measured about 10 fold bigger than average sewer flow during dry periods. Also the concentrations between rainy and dry periods increase approximately 33 fold for BOD and 120 fold for SS. In Yongunchen area, it increases about 9 fold for the maximum flow rate, 18 fold for BOD and 22 fold for SS during a storm. Therefore, the research is concluded that the separation wall between stromwater (or ravine water) and sewage can decrease the dilution effect in CSS and control the pollutant loading.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 폭발하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 슬래브의 비선형 해석을 위한 개선된 수치 모델을 제안한다. 제안된 모델은 2축 응력 상태를 반영한 등가 강도에 의해 정의된 응력-변형률 관계를 사용하여 응력 상태를 직접 결정하는 변형률 속도 의존 이등방성 구성 모델을 다룬다. 또한, 균열 발생 후 콘크리트와 철근 사이의 부착 슬립이 점차 확대되어 소성힌지 영역으로 집중된다. 2축 응력 상태에서 콘크리트의 균열 방향은 주응력 방향에 따라 달라지므로 이를 고려한 부착 슬립 모델을 해석에 도입하였다. 해석 모델의 검증을 위해 수치해석과 실험결과의 상관관계 연구(correlation studies)가 수행되었다. 해석결과는 재료모델의 2축 거동과 부착 슬립의 영향을 고려하는 것이 해석결과의 정확성 향상에 중요함을 보여주며 제안된 해석 모델이 철근콘크리트 슬래브 부재의 폭발해석에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1246-1251
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• 2003

The fracture behaviors of Zr-based bulk amorphous metals(BAMs) having compositions of $Zr_{55}Al_{10}Ni_{5}Cu_{30}$, were investigated under impact loading and quasi-static conditions. For experiments, a newly devised instrumented impact testing apparatus and the subsize Charpy specimens were used. The influences of loading rate and the notch shape on the fracture behavior of the Zr-based BAM were examined. The Zr-based BAMs showed an elastic deformation behavior without any plastic deformation on it before fracture. Most fracture energies were absorbed in the process of the crack initiation. The maximum load and fracture absorbed energy under quasi-static condition were larger than those under impact condition. However, there existed relatively insignificant notch shape effect. Fracture surfaces under impact loading were smoother than those under quasi-static loading. The absorbed fracture energy appeared differently depending on the extent of the vein-like pattern region due to the shear bands developed at the notch tip. It can be found that the fracture energy of the Zr-Al-Ni-Cu alloy is closely related with the development of shear bands during fracture.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2003

It is well known that SSCC (sulfide stress corrosion cracking) is caused by drastic ingression of hydrogen during the service and accumulation of hydrogen near the potential crack initiation site in the material. It is important to characterize the hydrogen trapping behavior to evaluate the service performance of the high strength pipeline steels. In this study. the relationship between the hydrogen trapping behavior and SSCC susceptibility is evaluated in terms of alloy composition, microstructure and carbide behavior. The hydrogen trapping behavior was measured by electrochemical hydrogen permeation test cell (Devanathan cell). The SSCC susceptibility is evaluated by constant extension rate test and constant strain lest method. The hydrogen trapping behavior is affected greatly by microstructure and nature of carbide particles. The fine TiC, and NbC in the matrix of ferritic structure acts as strong irreversible trap sites whereas the bainitic structure acts as reversible trap site. The SSCC susceptibility is closely related to not only the hydrogen trapping behavior but also the loading condition. As the activity of reversible trap site increases, SSCC susceptibility decreases under static loading condition below yield strength, whereas SSCC susceptibility increases under dynamic loading condition or above yield strength. As the activity of irreversible trap site increases. SSCC susceptibility increases regardless of loading condition. It is cased by the mixed effect of dislocation on hydrogen diffusion and trapping behavior.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.351-370
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• 2009

This paper presents a computational study for the structural response of blast loaded metallic sandwich panels, with the emphasis placed on their failure behaviours. The fully-clamped panels are square, and the honeycomb core and skins are made of the same aluminium alloy. A material model considering strain and strain rate hardening effects is used and the blast load is idealised as either a uniform or localised pressure over a short duration. The deformation/failure procedure and modes of the sandwich panels are identified and analysed. In the uniform loading condition, the effect of core density and face-sheets thicknesses is analysed. Likewise, the influence of pulse shape on the failure modes is investigated by deriving a pressure-impulse (P-I) diagram. For localised loading, a comparative study is carried out to assess the blast resistant behaviours of three types of structures: sandwich panel with honeycomb core, two face-sheets with air core and monolithic plate, in terms of their permanent deflections and damage degrees. The finding of this research provides a valuable insight into the engineering design of sandwich constructions against air blast loads.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.922-929
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• 2019

This paper presents the drop performance test of the control rod assembly which is one of the main components strongly related to the safety of the prototype generation IV sodium-cooled fast reactor. To investigate the drop performance, a real-sized control rod assembly that was recently modified based on the drop analysis results was newly fabricated, and several free drop tests under different flow rate conditions were carried out. Then the results were compared with those obtained from the previous tests conducted on the conceptually designed control rod assembly to demonstrate the improvement in performance. Moreover, the drop performance tests under several types and magnitudes of seismic loadings were also conducted to investigate the effect of the seismic loading on the drop performance of the modified control rod assembly. The results showed that the effects of the type and magnitude of the seismic loading on the drop performance of the modified control rod assembly were not significant. Also, the drop time requirement was successfully satisfied, even under the seismic loading conditions.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.577-581
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diet extruder conditions, such as feed-loading rate and screw speed, on growth performance and biochemical responses in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Over 8 wks, we used four identical diets (triplicated per treatment) with differing ratios of feed-loading rate (kg/h):screw speed (rpm/min) in a laboratory-scaled twin-screw extruder of 50:640, 80:640, 120:640, and 80:400, designated as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, respectively. Screw speed impacted the buoyancy of experimental diets. Diets produced at a screw speed of 640 rpm/min floated for > 24 hrs, whereas those produced at a speed of 400 rpm/min sank between 10 s and 5 min. Fish that were fed EP1 and EP4 diets grew significantly faster than those fed EP2 and EP3 diets. Fish fed EP1 diets ate and gained weight most efficiently among treatments, a result that is likely to be related to feed-loading rate, i.e., ingredients extruded at a low feed-loading rate may have more time to cook in the pre-conditioner of the extruder. A cooked diet may be easier to digest in fish. Fish fed EP4 diets also showed significant weight gain, as compared to those fed EP2 and EP3 diets. However, we found no differences among treatments in proximate compositions of dorsal muscle, liver, and viscera of fish. Our results suggest that extruder conditions, may influence feed quality, impacting feed efficiency and growth of fish.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1993

The anaerobic digestion of organic synthetic wastewater in anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor (AFBBR) and anaerobic fluidized packed bed bioreactor (AFPBBR) was studied. This study was conducted to evaluate efficiency and reliability of two reactor. Experiment was performed to find the effect of upflow rate with AFBBR and the height of packed bed with AFPBBR. As a result, this program obtained several conclusion. These are given as follows: As applied the upflow rate increased in AFBBR the produced volume of biogas increased, while the gas production and COD removal decreased at above 0.3 m$^3$/h. When a upflow rate is 0.4 m$^3$/h in AFBBR the volatile suspended solid (VSS) became significantly increased. At an organic loading rate from 0.1 to 0.4 of upflow rate in AFBBR, the methane yield was 1.5584 m$^3$CH$_4$/kgCOD removed, and the observed cell yield coefficient was 0.0933 gVSS/gCOD. In case of AFPBBR, the results showed also that 20 cm of height of packed bed was superior to other in the aspect ot biogas production, the content of methane and COD removal. At 20 cm of height, the profile of microorganisms was stable, while at 30 cm the VSS of effluent became higher than AFBBR. Though COD removal of AFPBBR increased with packed bed, COD removal deteriorate with over packing because the loss of pressure became higher in the reactor. At an organic loading rate from 20 to 40 cm of packed bed in-AFPBBR, the methane yield was 2.5649 m$^3$CH$_4$/kgCOD removed, and the observed cell yield coefficient was 0.0506 gVSS/gCOD. Based upon the results obtained, it is suggested that AFBBR and AFPBBR is the most effective conditions at 0.3 m3/h of upflow rate, the 20cm of packed bed, respectively. The rate constant are summarized as follow:

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2016

PURPOSE. Early loading of implant can be determined by excellent primary stability and characteristic of implant surface. The implant system with recently improved surface can have load application 4-6 weeks after installing in maxilla and mandible. This study evaluated the effect of healing period to the stability of hydrophilic tapered-type implant at maxillary posterior area. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study included 30 patients treated by hydrophilic tapered-type implants (total 41 implants at maxilla) and classified by two groups depending on healing period. Group 1 (11 patients, 15 implants) was a control group and the healing period was 12 weeks, and Group 2 (19 patients, 26 implants) was test group and the healing period was 6 weeks. Immediately after implant placement, at the first impression taking, implant stability was measured using Osstell Mentor. The patients also took periapical radiographs after restoration delivery, 12 months after restoration and final followup period. The marginal bone loss around the implants was measured using the periapical radiographs. RESULTS. All implants were survived and success rate was 97.56%. The marginal bone loss was less than 1mm after 1 year postoperatively except the one implant. The stabilities of the implants were not correlated with age, healing period until loading, insertion torque (IT), the diameter of fixture and the location of implant. Only the quality of bone in group 2 (6 week) was correlated with the stability of implant. CONCLUSION. Healing period of 6 weeks can make the similar clinical prognosis of implants to that of healing period of 12 weeks if bone quality is carefully considered in case of early loading.