• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2023

Insulating glass units (IGUs) have been widely used in buildings in recent years due to their superior thermal insulation performance. However, because of the panel reciprocating motion and fatigue deterioration of sealants under long-term wind loads, many IGUs have the problem of early failure of watertight properties in real usage. This study aimed to propose a statistical method for wind-induced deflection of IGU panels during the whole life service period, for further precise analysis of the accumulated fatigue damage at the sealed part of the edge bond. By the estimation of the wind occurrence regularity based on wind pressure return period, the events of each wind speed interval during the whole life were obtained for the IGUs at 50m height in Beijing, which are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, the wind-induced deflection analysis method of IGUs based on the formula of airspace coefficient was proposed and verified as an improvement of the original stiffness distribution method with the average relative error compared to the test being about 3% or less. Combining the two methods above, the deformation of the outer and inner panes under wind loads during 30 years was precisely calculated, and the deflection and stress state at selected locations were obtained finally. The results show that the compression displacement at the secondary sealant under the maximum wind pressure is close to 0.3mm (strain 2.5%), and the IGUs are in tens of thousands of times the low amplitude tensile-compression cycle and several times to dozens of times the relatively high amplitude tensile-compression cycle environment. The approach proposed in this paper provides a basis for subsequent studies on the durability of IGUs and the wind-resistant behaviors of curtain wall structures.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.146-159
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• 2018

This paper presents a wear analysis procedure for calculating the wear of journal bearings of a four-strokes and four-cylinder engine operating at a constant angular crank shaft speed during firing conditions. To decide whether the lubrication state of a journal bearing is in the possible region of wear scar, we utilize the concept of the centerline average surface roughness to define the most oil film thickness scarring wear (MOFTSW) on two rough surfaces. The wear volume is calculated from the wear depth and wear angle, determined by the magnitude of each film thickness on a set of oil films with thicknesses lower than the MOFTSW at every crank angle. To calculate the wear volume at one contact, the wear range ratio during one cycle is used. The total wear volume is then determined by accumulating the wear volume at every contact. The fractional film defect coefficient, asperity load sharing factor, and modified specific wear rate for the application of the mixed-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime are used. The results of this study show that wear occurs only at the connecting-rod big-end bearing. Thus, simulation results of only the big-end bearing are illustrated and analyzed. It is shown that the wear volume of each wear scar group occurs consecutively as the crank angle changes, resulting in the total accumulated wear volume.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.125-140
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• 2015

In this paper, we present the results of the wear analysis of journal bearings on a stripped-down single-cylinder engine during start-up and coast-down by motoring. We calculate journal bearing wear by using a modified specific wear rate considering the fractional film defect coefficient and load-sharing ratio for the asperity portion of a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime coupled with previously presented graphical data of experimental lifetime linear wear in radial journal bearings. Based on the calculated wear depth, we obtain a new oil film thickness for every crank angle. By examination of the oil film thickness, we determine whether the oil film thickness at the wear scar region is in a mixed lubrication regime by comparing dimensionless oil film thickness, h/σ, to 3.0 at every crank angle. We present the lift-off speed and the crank angles involved with the wear calculation for bearings #1 and #2. The dimensionless oil film thickness, h/σ, illustrates whether the lubrication region between the two surfaces is still within the bounds of the mixed lubrication regime after scarring of the surface by wear. In addition, we present in tables the asperity contact pressure, the real minimum film thickness at the wear scar region, the modified specific wear rate, and the wear angle, α, for bearings #1 & #2. To show the real shape of the oil film at wear scar region, we depict the actual oil film thickness in graphs. We also tabulated the ranges of bearing angles related with wear scar. We present the wear volume for bearings #1 and #2 after one turn-on and turn-off of the engine ignition switch for five kinds of equivalent surface roughness. We show that the accumulated wear volume after a single turn-on and turn-off of an ignition switch normally increases with increasing surface roughness, with a few exceptions.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

전 세계적으로 테러의 위협이 가중되고 일반 상업건축에 대한 방폭설계의 요구가 증가하고 있는 현실을 직시하여, 본 연구에서는 기본적인 방폭설계의 개념을 정립하고 실제 설계사례를 통하여 방폭성능을 평가하는데 목표를 두고 있다. 비록 지진하중과 폭파하중에는 많은 차이점이 있지만, 그 설계법은 구조물의 소성거동을 허용하고 연성을 갖도록 설계한다는 점에서 유사하다. 본 연구에서 제시된 대상 건물에 대한 방폭성능 평가를 통하여, 일반하중에 대하여 잘 설계된 건물은 어느 정도 수준의 방폭성능을 확보하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 구조물에 작용하는 폭파하중은 무기의 종류, 등가의 TNT량, 폭발점에서 목표물까지의 최단거리인 촛점거리 등에 따라 달라지기 때문에 일반화하기에는 무리가 있다. 희생구조물을 배치하거나 예상되는 폭발점에서 주요 구조부재까지의 촛점거리를 일정수준 이상으로 유지하는 건축 계획적인 노력은 건물의 방폭성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 쉽고 효과적인 방법이다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2014

Objective : The technique of short segment pedicle screw fixation (SSPSF) has been widely used for stabilization in thoracolumbar burst fractures (TLBFs), but some studies reported high rate of kyphosis recurrence or hardware failure. This study was to evaluate the results of SSPSF including fractured level and to find the risk factors concerned with the kyphosis recurrence in TLBFs. Methods : This study included 42 patients, including 25 males and 17 females, who underwent SSPSF for stabilization of TLBFs between January 2003 and December 2010. For radiologic assessments, Cobb angle (CA), vertebral wedge angle (VWA), vertebral body compression ratio (VBCR), and difference between VWA and Cobb angle (DbVC) were measured. The relationships between kyphosis recurrence and radiologic parameters or demographic features were investigated. Frankel classification and low back outcome score (LBOS) were used for assessment of clinical outcomes. Results : The mean follow-up period was 38.6 months. CA, VWA, and VBCR were improved after SSPSF, and these parameters were well maintained at the final follow-up with minimal degree of correction loss. Kyphosis recurrence showed a significant increase in patients with Denis burst type A, load-sharing classification (LSC) score >6 or DbVC >6 (p<0.05). There were no patients who worsened to clinical outcome, and there was no significant correlation between kyphosis recurrence and clinical outcome in this series. Conclusion : SSPSF including the fractured vertebra is an effective surgical method for restoration and maintenance of vertebral column stability in TLBFs. However, kyphosis recurrence was significantly associated with Denis burst type A fracture, LSC score >6, or DbVC >6.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2021

Pile foundation is a typical form of bridge foundation and viaduct, and large-diameter rock-socketed piles are typically adopted in bridges with long span or high piers. To investigate the effect of a mountain slope with a deep overburden layer on the bearing characteristics of large-diameter rock-socketed piles, four centrifuge model tests of single piles on different slopes (0°, 15°, 30° and 45°) were carried out to investigate the effect of slope on the bearing characteristics of piles. In addition, three pile group tests with different slope (0°, 30° and 45°) were also performed to explore the effect of slope on the bearing characteristics of the pile group. The results of the single pile tests indicate that the slope with a deep overburden layer not only accelerates the drag force of the pile with the increasing slope, but also causes the bending moment to move down owing to the increase in the unsymmetrical pressure around the pile. As the slope increases from 0° to 45°, the drag force of the pile is significantly enlarged and the axial force of the pile reduces to beyond 12%. The position of the maximum bending moment of the pile shifts downward, while the magnitude becomes larger. Meanwhile, the slope results in the reduction in the shaft resistance of the pile, and the maximum value at the front side of the pile is 3.98% less than at its rear side at a 45° slope. The load-sharing ratio of the tip resistance of the pile is increased from 5.49% to 12.02%. The results of the pile group tests show that the increase in the slope enhances the uneven distribution of the pile top reaction and yields a larger bending moment and different settlements on the pile cap, which might cause safety issues to bridge structures.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2005

일반적으로 느슨한 퇴적지반이나 연약한 점성토 지반의 경우 구조물의 안정성 여부는 주로 침하규준에 의해 지배된다. 따라서 연약지반에 주로 적용, 설치되는 조립토 다짐말뚝은 기초구조물 보강이라는 측면에서 접근할 경우 침하량이 설계를 좌우하는 지배인자가 된다. 현재까지 조립토 다짐말뚝의 침하거동에 대한 대부분의 연구성과들은, 조립토 다짐말뚝이 설치된 지반을 복합지반으로 단순화하여 분석을 수행함으로써, 말뚝의 변형시 주로 발생하는 상부영역의 횡방향 거동을 반영하지 못하고 응력분담비로 표현되는 연직방향의 상대강성 차이와 치환율 만을 고려한다는 제한성을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 제한성을 보완하는 데 초점을 두어, 말뚝재료의 강성과 직경 그리고 지반의 연직방향 강성과 함께 지반의 횡방향 변형 등을 종합적으로 고려하는 침하량 평가기법을 제안하였으며, 제안된 침하량 평가기법을 기존의 연구성과들과의 비교를 통해 그 타당성 등을 입증하였다. 아울러 제안된 평가기법을 이용하여 조립토 다짐말뚝의 침하에 영향을 미치는 설계변수에 대한 분석을 시행하였으며, 이를 토대로 조립토 다짐 말뚝의 설계시 주요 고려사항 등을 제시하였다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2013

스마트폰의 급격한 보급으로 인해 모바일 인터넷 방송 (Internet Protocol Television) 사용은 큰 폭으로 증가하여 이미 많은 네트워크 부하를 일으켰다고 보고되고 있습니다. 이러한 과부하문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)에서는 LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 6 규격이후로 MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service)에 대한 표준화 작업을 진행되고 있다. MBMS는 동일한 콘텐츠를 가지는 다수의 MBMS 사용자들과 동일한 대역폭을 공유하게 함으로써 대역폭 효율 측면에서 우수성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 단일 셀 MBMS을 지원하는 3GPP와 와이파이 (Wi-Fi) 2개의 네트워크가 혼재되어 있는 이종 네트워크 환경에서 단일 셀 MBMS가 지원되는 셀들에 속한 동일한 콘텐츠를 가지는 MBMS 사용자의 수가 많다면 MBMS 최우선 정책을 적용하고 그렇지 않은 경우에는 기존의 와이파이 우선 정책을 적용하는 알고리즘에 대한 성능 분석에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안하는 알고리즘은 전체 가용 대역폭의 증가와 네트워크 사용 비용의 감소를 보여주고 있음을 확인하였다.