• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of grandmothers who provide child care services to their grandchildren and employed mothers who utilize child care by grandmothers, with regards to their relationships while exchanging the specific type of intergenerational support. The data for this study came from 42 in-depth, individual interviews with 21 pairs of employed mothers who had at least one child younger than elementary-school age and their mothers or mothers-in-law who had provided child care on a daily basis for their grandchildren. Our phenomenological analysis revealed that the grandmothers felt uncomfortable and overwhelmed when caring for their grandchildren and that they considered this activity to be different from caring for their own children by nature. However, the grandmothers wanted to help their adult children based on their feeling of "boo-mo-ma-eum" (meaning parental heart, i.e., love or care). The employed mothers perceived that they were substantially dependent on the grandmothers by receiving help with child care and housework. Reliance on grandmothers was inevitable and beneficial to these mothers. Dynamic intergenerational living arrangements enabled the dependent relationships. The grandmothers set specific boundaries pertaining to current and future child care so that they would not take on too much responsibility for child care. The mothers used various strategies that contributed to stable child care support from the grandmothers. Providing financial remuneration was an important strategy that had symbolic relational meanings, such as expressing gratitude, rather than financial meanings.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Proper nutrition intake during pregnancy and lactation is very important to both mothers and babies. Pregnant women should maintain proper nutritional status to restore decreased physical strength due to pregnancy and childbirth and produce breastmilk for the growth and development of the baby. Recently, the number of Chinese people living in Korea has increased as the exchange between Korea and China becomes active. It is important to provide proper nutrition education for pregnant women of both countries considering cultural differences. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects of this study were postpartum women in Gyeonggi, South Korea and Jinhua, China. The subjects were 20-45 years old less than six months after childbirth. A survey, using self-administered questionnaires, was conducted from October 2018 to January 2019. For data analysis, 221 Korean postpartum women (KPW) and 221 Chinese postpartum women (CPW) questionnaires were used. RESULTS: KPW had significantly higher nutritional knowledge score and dietary attitude score than CPW (P < 0.001). However, overall score for dietary habits was significantly higher in CPW compared to KPW (P < 0.001). In KPW, nutritional knowledge (P < 0.01) and dietary attitude (P < 0.001) had significantly positive correlations with dietary habits. The proportions of KPW and CPW who answered that they had experience of nutrition education were 28.5% and 80.1% (P < 0.001). The score for dietary habits was lower as the hours for watching TV and using mobile phone became longer in postpartum women of both countries, with significant differences in KPW (P < 0.001) and CPW (P < 0.05). In KPW, the score for dietary habits in postpartum women with exercise experience was significantly higher than that in postpartum women without exercise experience (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More pregnancy-related nutrition education should be provided and various and effective nutrition education programs, which not only transfer information but can be practiced in the actual life, should be developed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.6180-6189
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors that affects smartphone addiction of elementary school students. The subjects were 263 students, from 4 elementary schools located in G-city. Data were collected from July, 2014 and analyzed using SPSS 19.0 program. The prevalence of addiction risk group and non-addicted group were 16.0% and 84.0%, respectively. The variables which had statistically significant differences with smart phone addiction of general characteristics are grade, living together family, economic status, school record, motivation for usage, advantage of usage and using time (p<.05). There was pure correlation between the smartphone addiction and impulsivity (r=.496, p<.001), daily stress (r=.471, p<.001). However, perceived parental attitude (r=-.375, p<.001) and self-esteem (r=-.444, p<.001) were inverse correlation with smartphone addiction. Higher using time, higher impulsivity and higher daily stress were all associated with increased of smartphone addiction level. These results suggest that more attentions should be given to early adolescents and could be effectively used as fundamental data to develop intervention programs, which can prevent the smartphone addiction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to determine their environmental risk factors in school children living in a city where traffic is particularly heavy. METHODS: From November 12th to November 19th, 2002, we sent questionnaires to parents for children's health and environmental factors, and ninety eight percent (516) of parents responded. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of chronic respiratory illness was 12.2% and 13.2% for wheeze, and 6.6% for physician diagnosed asthma. Using multiple logistic regression model, we found that family history of asthma(OR=3.47, 95% CI 1.36-8.78), atopy dermatitis(OR=5.48, 95% CI 2.37-12.66), and pets at home(OR=3.22, 95% CI 1.26-8.23) were associated with chronic respiratory illness in last 12 months. We also found that family history of asthma(OR=3.28, 95% CI 1.16-9.31), atopy dermatitis(OR=2.89, 95% CI 1.11-7.54), and short distance between the house and road(OR=2.85, 95% CI 1.03-7.87) were associated with asthma in last 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Elementary school children in a city had a relatively high prevalence of chronic respiratory illness and symptoms. In addition to genetic factors, pets at home and outdoor air pollution are associated with respiratory illness and Symptoms in school children.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-71
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• 2009

This study is aimed at performing art therapy and looking into the effect on declining depression and anxiety and improving self-esteem, targeting at maladaptive behavior child in home and school living. So, this study made an application of fine art programs 2 session a week, for 50minutes each, total 24 sessions, targeting at elementary 1st girl graders(7 years old in full) in J city. In the end-term, this study performed a fine art therapy for 6 sessions together with mother-children. This study used a Korean-style Children Depression Inventory(CDI) developed by Kovacs and Beak(1977) and adapted by Jo Su Cheol and Lee Young Sik(1990) to look into children's decline in depression and anxiety and Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale(RCMAS) produced by Reynolds and Richmond(1978) and adapted by Jo Su Cheol and Choi Jin Suk(1990) to look into improvement of self-esteem. This study performed and analyzed KHTP, KFD painting examination, prior as well as post, to perform children's emotional appraisal and analyzed, classified with sessions, children's change in the progress of programs. The results of this study were as follows: First, fine art therapy was effective in declining children's depression and anxiety. Second, fine art therapy was effective in improving children's self-esteem. Third, children changed their emotional stability affirmatively in KHTP, KFD painting tests. Family affinity and cohesion were strengthened and changed into friendly family. Fourth, in the progress of programs, classified with sessions, children inclined their depression and anxiety and improved their self-esteem. This study leads to the result that art therapy inclines depression and anxiety in maladaptive behavior child and has an affirmative effect on improving self-esteem.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2024

Purpose: This study explored the factors influencing the health-related life satisfaction of people with disabilities who engaged in physical activity, by age and gender. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted of the 2020 Third Disability and Life Dynamics Panel (2021). The participants were 2,796 people who performed regular physical activity at least once a week. The variables selected were disability-related factors (degree of disability, multiple disabilities, and type of disability), sociodemographic factors (age, gender, living alone, and mean monthly family income), and health-related factors (amount of physical activity, self-esteem, depression, chronic disease, subjective health, and health-related life satisfaction). Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the t-test, two-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: In total, 58.0% of participants were male, and 42.0% were female. For age groups, 14.4% were children/adolescents (0-19 years), 42.6% were adults (20-59 years), and 43.0% were seniors (≥60 years). The mean score for health-related life satisfaction was 5.0±2.15 out of 10. Adults and seniors whose level of physical activity met or exceeded recommendations had higher subjective health. Moreover, men had better subjective health than women in seniors. Health-related life satisfaction was higher among those who had higher self-esteem, were not depressed, did not have chronic diseases, and had better subjective health. Conclusion: Gender significantly influenced health-related life satisfaction in children/ adolescents and seniors. Disability-related factors were significant in adults, and health-related factors were significant in all age groups. Therefore, these factors should be considered when designing interventions to promote subjective health and health-related life satisfaction of people with disabilities.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.35-54
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• 2004

This study was intended to provide basic data of nutrition education to a prevention of obesity and living patterns of elementary school students. Through the measurment of the actual obesity rate of children for students who were in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school as well as their mothers, and by analyzing obesity-related factors. Children have started to have the characteristics obesity and obesity problems. 1. There were total 234 children including 133 boys (56.8％) and 101 girls (43.2％) for the study. There were 80 children in the fifth grade (34.2％) and 154 children in the sixth grade (65.8％). 2. Among the subjects 20.1％ were obese. By gender, the obesity rate of boys (27.1％) was higher than that of girls (l0.9％)(p＜0.01). By grade, children in the fifth grade (26.3％) had higher obesity rate than children in the sixth grade (l6.9％)(p＜0.05). 3. In terms of the educational level of parents, the obesity rate of children of parents who received university and／or higher education was 27.5％ (p＜0.05). 44.1％ of parents answered ‘I almost never give snack’s’(p＜0.01). 4. There was 32.8％ for an irregular quantity of meal. There was no obese child who under-ate (p＜0.05). In terms of impulse eating, ‘I eat.’ and ‘I don't eat.’ were 24.4％ and 25.9％ respectively. The obesity rate of the case of ‘I eat only food I like.’ was 10.6％ (p＜0.05). In terms of the obesity rate based on the daily average meal frequency, there was the highest rate of 26.1％ for I average meal frequency per day, 13.0％ for 2 daily average meal frequency, and 7.4％ for over 3 average meal frequency per day (p＜0.05). For a degree of a physical activity, the group of active physical activity (p＜0.05) and the group which liked the physical exercise showed a lower obesity rate (p＜0.001). The obesity rate of children who had regular exercise was 11.8％. It was lower than the obesity rate (24.8％) of children who didn't exercise (p＜0.01). The higher exercise frequency per week was, the lower the obesity rate was(p＜0.01). In terms of the exercise time, there was 8.3％ for over 60 minutes and 28.9％ for less 15 minutes. The group which had the long exercise time showed a lower obesity rate(p＜0.05). As the result, the education for obesity must enable students to recognize the warning signs for obesity and control their own weight with proper living patterns, by modifying behaviors considering the degree of obesity. Obesity must be controlled by the prevention and education connected with the family for all students as one of the school health programs. There must be also the development of a program through individual consultation considering the degree of obesity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 1999

Accidents involving children are an important cause of death and disability. They also have enomorous financial implications. In order to prevent childhood accidents, research and education for safety should be strengthened. The purpose of this study was to determine how often young children have accidents and what factors affect the accident rate. The sample consisted of 771 children who were in the second, third and forth grades of two elementary schools located in Kyung-gi Province. One school had students from middle class families living in apartment complexes and the other, students from lower income families mainly living in single houses. The questionnaires included items on the occurance of accidents and the parents' attitudes regarding accidents during the academic year from March 1997 to February 1998. The Questionnaires were distributed to conventiently selected students to be compeleted by their parents and collected during the period of May 28, to June 6, 1998. The data were analyzed using SAS PC statistical package. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Of 771 student subjects, 393 had 887 accidental injuries during the study period. 2. The month, the day and the time with the highest accident rate were May, Sunday, and between 1 and 4 p. m. each. 3. In the analysis of the location where the injury took place, the most frequent place was on around their homes followed by school and, then, inside the home 4. Most of the accidents were caused by carelessness on the part of the children and the most frequent type of injury was an abrasion. 5. Children most injured their legs 6. They were treated at home most often and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with, disinfection being the main type of first aid. Cost of the treatment ranged from 8,000 to 20,000 won in most cases. 7. House type and parents' education level were statistically significant in chi-square analysis. 8. Parents educate their children about traffic safety most frequently followed by fire safety and, then, prevention of violence. 9. Parents think that prevention of violence should be the most important part of injury prevention education both at school and home. 10. To identify factors related to accident occurrence, multiple logistic regression was performed and the main factors were birth order and house type.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 1974

Through the questionaire inquiry from April 1st to 10th, 1974 with 393 students in Woonho, Saekwang junior and senior highschool and Daisung, Ilshin girls' junior and senior highschool in Chungju, Choong Cheong Buk Do, I surveyed the general circumstances of students and their unbalanced diet on total 199 foods and causes of the unbalanced diet and regard the 21 boys and 29 girls who don't like to eat more than 30 foods from the given 47 protein-foods which are needed by students who are now in the stage of growth. This study is concerned with their circumstances and the causes of their ill habit of eating. 1) As to their distribution of age, 14 and 18 year old boys were six (28.5%), 11 and 13 year old girls were eleven (38.1%). In the survey on their height, 6 boys (28.5) were from 146 cm to 150 cm and 11 girls (38.1%) were from 146 cm to 150 cm. On the weight, 7 boys were from 36 kg to 40 kg(33.7%), 10 girls were from 36 kg to 40 kg (34.0%). We can see that ill habiters of eating were more weaker than other students from this data. 2) In the survey of educational level of their housewive it was found that number of graduates of the primary school is thirty (60.0%). So we can derive the fact that they don't make any variety in their daily table for their family. 3) As to their living standard, 19 boys (90.4%) and 27 girls (93.3%) belong to the middle class, low and high class were a little. This indicates the general living standard if Korea, because in common sence we regard the riches are the more ill habiters of eating. 4) 8 boys (36.8%) and 8 girls (26.8%) were the first children in their homes. This indicates the fact that housewive happen to make the first child as the ill habiter of eating because their lack of experience to give various food for their children. As to the survey on their infant nutriments, 41 students (80.2%) were fed by mother's milk. 5) Upon the causes of the unbalanced diet on a certain food, 34 boys (82.7%) and 45 girls (64.6%) were because of appearing to that food, 10 boys (40.8%) and 18 girls (61.5%) were because of the characteristic fragrance, 11 boys (52.4%) and 17 girls (58.1%) were because they have never eated that food till now, 34 boys (19.3%) and 5 girls (17.0%) were because of the bad appearance of the food. So housewive should study various ways of cooking daily meals at home and try to give their children who are in the stage of growth to be able to eat wider kinds of foods for the improvement of health.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.424-435
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• 2016

Purpose: This study examined knowledge about cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and its relationship to health behaviors among middle-aged postmenopausal women with CVD risk factors. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. One hundred and thirty-six postmenopausal women were recruited from outpatient departments of four hospitals. The women were $60.69{\pm}6.5$ years old. Self-reported questionnaires were administered, and waist-hip ratios (WHR) were measured. Results: Among the women, 72.8% reported hypertension, 19.1% reported diabetes, 33.8% reported hypercholesterolemia, and 24.2% reported angina pectoris. Moreover, 73.9% of the women reported not knowing of CVD prevention, and only 26.1% reported exercising regularly. A majority of the women (80.9%) had a WHR > 0.85. Multiple linear regression analysis after adjusting for age and marital status indicated that the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke increased (p<.001). Waist-hip ratio${\leq}0.85$ (p=.022) and living with family members (p=.006) were significant predictors of healthier behaviors ($R^2$=0.21, p<.001). Knowledge of CVD and health behaviors were not correlated. Conclusion: Obese women and women who live alone are no more likely to practice health behaviors aimed at CVD prevention than their counterparts in the sample. Education and exercise interventions are needed, especially for obese women, to promote healthy behaviors among middle-aged postmenopausal women with CVD risk factors.