• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.296-306
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• 1999

This study was carried out to prepare a copper database of Korean foods which can be used in calculating copper intake from dietary data, and to evaluate the copper nutritional status of Koran adults living in rural areas by dietary intake and serum copper concentrations. A copper database for 1,176 Korean foods was constructed (1) by analysing 112 Korean foods which are frequently consumed by Korean adults living in rural areas, (2) by adapting values form food composition databases from other countries-320 items from the University of Minnesota database, 201 items from the USAD database, and 25 items from U.K. database, and (3) by imputing values from similar foods for 518 food items. Copper intake of 2,034 Korean adults over the age of 30 living in Yeonchongun was Kyunggi province, Korea was estimated by 24-hour recall method. Mean daily copper intake of subjects was 0.98mg. Mean daily intake level of males was 1.11mg which was significantly higher than that of females, 0.88mg. There was a significant difference in the distribution of subjects by the level of copper intake and sex(p<0.05). Mean serum copper concentration was 14.8umol/1 and the percentage of subjects with low, adequate, and high levels of copper concentration were 23.9%, 69.4%, and 6.6%, respectively. The two food groups which contributed most to the dietary copper intake of subjects were cereals and grain products, and vegetables, supplying 46.2% and 12.7% of total copper intake, respectively. Individuallym, rice contributed most, suppling 31% of total copper intake, followed by soybean curd, starch vermicle, barley, etc. Plant foods contributed to 82.1% of the total copper intake. In summary, results of this study show that copper intake of Korean adults living in rural areas is low, and that dietary sources of copper are mainly plant foods. Serum levels of copper in the subjects were relatively normal. The copper database for Korean foods constructed in present study will be a valuable tool for the as-yet limited assessment of copper intake of Koreans. Such studies will contribute to the establishment of a dietary of a dietary allowance of copper and the relationship of copper nutriture and chronic diseases in Koreans.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.286-288
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare the fluoride concentrations in urine of preschool children aged 3${\sim}$6 years between residing in community water fluoridation area(Kwangju City) and non-fluoridation area(Sungnam City). The acid-diffusible fluoride in the urine and drinking water was isolated by the acid-diffusion technique and measured with a fluoride electrode. The mean daily fluoride excretion to urine of children residing in Kwangju and Sungnam were $1.27{\pm}0.75mgF^-$/g creatinine and $0.87{\pm}47 mgF^-$/g creatinine, respectively. It is concluded from this investigation that the $F^-$concentration in urine sample of kindergarten and drinking water of children living in Kwanju(fluoridated areas) were significantly higher than that of children living in Sungnam(non-fluoridated areas).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2014

Korea is quickly transforming into an aging society. As a reaction to the accelerated aging society in recent years, there is a growing need to introduce sustainable housing policies and strategies for aging society. The main purpose of this study is to explore where people want to live after retirement. Especially, this study focuses on the residential environment such as housing types, residential location, and living environment. The main findings are as follows. First, people preferred living in a sububan-style housing in the suburban or rural areas to living in a city-style housing in the urban areas. Second, people have a strong preference for the importance of convenience in using natural environment, medical service, and cultural facilities. Third, the family life style has been changed from children-oriented life style to couple-oriented life style by showing that people like to stay with a spouse rather than with their children after retirement.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the remodeling contents by the length of residence of remodeling the housing for 472 households living in small and medium-sized apartments in Pusan and Ulsan areas. The subjects of this survey have remodelled their housing 1.58 times during 4.57 years of residence in average. All of them had changes of finishing in living rooms, masters bedrooms, other bedrooms, kitchens and dining rooms and changes of facilities in kitchens, dining rooms, living rooms and bathrooms. The changes of structure and use age have been performed only by the limited numbers of households. Time of remodelling was mostly right after moving in and then about once in two or three years. But it differed according to the room of the housing and the types of remodelling.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.123-136
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to suggest a future senior housing plan by examining the preference of aged women in urban areas. The subjects were 465 elderly women in Seoul and statistics employed for the analysis were frequencies, means, Chi-square test, multiple regression analysis. Results were as follows : The respondents prefered senior housing located in suburbs. The most important locational factors were accessibility to garden and the aged women wanted living 20 minutes apart by walking or driving from their children's house. There was a tendency of moving toward three-generation house sharing kitchen and enterence with their children or assisted living which cared by warden as they get senile -living alone, poor income and poor health condition-.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a positive psychology-based and character strengths-integrated activity program for elders living alone in rural areas, and then to examine the effectiveness of the program. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design with a nonequivalent control group was used. The participants included 59 elders in total, of whom 30 were assigned to the experimental group and 29 to the control group. positive psychology-based and character strengths-integrated activity program for elders consists of sixty-minute sessions held twice per week during 6 weeks, hence 12 sessions in total. Results: There were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in depression, vitality and life satisfaction (all p<.001). Conclusion: The positive psychology-based and character strengths-integrated activity program for elders living alone in rural areas is effective in that it decreased the degree of depression and increased the vitality and life satisfaction in the participants.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2013

Purpose: The study was done to explore relationships between residential areas and smoking rates and to identify related factors contributing to smoking in Korea adolescents. Methods: An analysis was done of smoking rates and socioeconomic position indicators by city size based on a 2012 cross-sectional nationwide online survey conducted with 74,186 Korean middle and high school students aged 12-18 years old. Data were analyzed using x2-test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS/WIN18.0 program. Results: Analyses revealed that rural boys were more likely to be current smokers compared to metropolitan boys (odds ratio 1.18, 95%-confidence interval 1.01; 1.38) but residential areas and smoking rates among girls were not related. After adjusting for covariates, results showed that city size, Family affluence score, economic status, parents' education level, living with parents, school type, and school achievement were related to increased an proportion of adolescents who smoked. Conclusion: In conclusion, rural living is a determinant of smoking among boys. Tobacco control programs should recognize differences in living conditions between rural and urban areas.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of stress, social support, and marital satisfaction between married immigrant women living in urban areas and women living in rural areas to identify ways to improve their mental health. Methods: Two hundred married immigrant women were recruited from multicultural familysupport centers located in Daejeon City and Chungcheong Province. From July, 2009 to January, 2010, data were collected using self- administered questionnaire. Study instruments were scales for acculturative stress, housewives life stress, support from spouse, and marital satisfaction. Results: Urban married immigrant women had lower levels of acculturative stress and higher levels of support from spouse and more positive marital satisfaction compared to rural women. Both groups reported similar levels of stress in life as a housewife. Factors influencing marital satisfaction in both group were lower levels of acculturative and housewives life stress, higher levels of support from spouse, and living with parents-in-law. Conclusion: Rural married immigrant women may have more problems in adjusting to Korean culture and marriage compared to urban women. Therefore, to improve the physical and psychological wellbeing and marital adjustment of married immigrant women, development of nursing strategies according to area of residence is needed.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2014

This research is to restructure the public assessment of housing management in a standardized fashion, and a self-administered questionnaire survey was employed for data collection and analysis. In doing so, all the assessment tools nationwide were identified and assembled to extract the items included in the survey form. The survey form was mailed out to local officers in charge of housing management and professional housing managers in the nation, and the responses were statistically analyzed in order to structure the standard assessment tool of housing management. This research classified 3 main areas (General Maintenance, Operation and Community Living) in evaluating the housing management performance, and identified 35 essential items and 52 optional items. The 35 essential items were drawn from the 16 categories of the 3 areas (11 items of 5 categories for General Maintenance, 7 items of 4 categories for Operation, and 17 items of 7 categories for Community Living), and the rest 52 optional items were from the 16 categories of the 3 areas (24 items of 7 categories for General Maintenance, 26 items of 7 categories for Operation, and 2 items of 2 categories for Community Living). While all the items in the research are quantifiable, it's suggested that qualitative measurements be complementarily utilized in the assessment not only to explore the best practices of housing management but also to refine and modify the standardized tool in response to various environmental changes. As the public assessment of housing management is context-sensitive and critically related to local housing profile, the continuous implementation of the assessment will facilitate shifting the housing paradigm from production and consumption to management and reproduction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze the preferences for the physical features of return farmer housing. Housing problems of rural areas is one of the important factors that determine the quality of life in rural areas. Through these return farmer housing as it wants to improve the living environment of rural areas. The purpose of this study aims to find the required characteristics of the return farmer for rural activation. The survey was conducted to target the return farmer households living in housing and expectant return farmer living in the rural. The results of this study were as follows. First, expectant return farmer than return farmer are more importance to house outside(environmental) factors. Showed that environmental conditions are more important than housing conditions, expectant return farmer of residential satisfaction. Second, return farmer prefer ratio was higher House prices and sizes, expectant return farmer among the external factors such as environmental conditions is the distance to the workplace were very important. The results of this study can be a basis for effective strategies for future rural activation. More sustainable in the future, including the analysis of various parameters in progress by being linked to policy measures that will be provided. This study aims to be the foundation of sustainable housing policies for return farmer households.