• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2022

Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method's advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

• 식물병연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2022

Zea mays, known as maize or corn, is a major staple crop and an important source of energy for humans and animals, thus ensuring global food security. Approximately 9.4% of the loss of total annual corn production is caused by pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, resulting in economic losses. Although the use of fungicides is one of the most common strategies to control corn diseases, the frequent use of fungicides causes various health problems in humans and animals. In order to overcome this problem, an eco-friendly control strategy has recently emerged as an alternative way. One such eco-friendly control strategy is the use of beneficial microorganisms in the control of plant pathogens. The beneficial microorganisms can control the plant pathogens in various ways, such as spatial competition with plant pathogens, inhibition of fungal or bacterial growth via the production of secondary metabolites or antibiotics, and direct attack to plant pathogens via enzyme activity. Here, we reviewed microorganisms as biocontrol agents against corn diseases.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 1996

Because of the imminent market opening of livestock and poultry products, Korean poultry industry is faced an influx of contagious diseases from abroad. Due to the increasing trend of intensive and automatic poultry farming, the risks of catching various poultry epidemics are ever more increasing. For the prevention of poultry epidemics, the principles of biosecurity should be observed rather strictly. In addition, regular checking to confirm the presence or absence of latent diseases through serological test, post-mortem examination, and laboratory test, should be carried out routinely. Finally, all kinds of stress factors should be minimized to keep the flock healthy and productive, so that they can achieve their maximum genetic potential.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.211-220
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• 1993

Sustainable agriculture is a management system for ecological equilibrium and long-run productivity. Conversions from conventional to sustainable farming systems could have good effects on future generations' productivity and agricultural market opening in Korea. However, farmers are not willing to adopt sustainable farming system as because of farm income reductions, so government programs may be needed. Government programs should have research support for cost reductions, direct support for advocational livestock breedings and income security, and relative price changes for reducing agricultural chemicals.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.307-309
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• 2017

A postpartum total uterine prolapse in a 2-years old Korean black goat was presented. This paper reports the clinical management of the case. The everted uterus was carefully assessed and gross debris were gently removed and disinfected with dilute povidone iodine solution. The prolapsed uterus was replaced with epidural anesthesia and retention suture was placed on the vulva. Broad spectrum antibiotics, calcium gluconate, and supportive therapy were administered. The patient made complete recovery.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 2012년부터 수질오염총량관리 시행계획이 시행중인 진위천 수계의 연차별 지역개발 및 삭감계획을 평가하여 최종년도 할당부하량 및 목표수질을 만족하기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. 진위천 수계 8개 자치단체의 시행계획을 분석한 결과, 대부분의 지자체에서 삭감계획보다 개발계획의 연차별 진행률이 빠른 경향을 보였다. 군포시, 용인시, 화성시는 2020년, 평택시는 2018년, 안성시는 2015년, 오산시는 2019년이 되어서야 삭감계획 진행율이 개발계획 진행율 보다 높거나 같아졌다. 주요 삭감방법은 하수처리시설 신증설, 방류수질 개선, 축산폐수 및 고형물의 자원화, 비점저감시설 확충 등 이었으며, 특히 축산산업이 활발한 지역의 특성이 반영되어 총 삭감률 중 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 삭감방법은 축산폐수 및 고형물의 자원화로 삭감률은 34.1%에 해당되었다. 진위천 수계의 수질오염총량제가 성공적으로 정착하기 위해서는 삭감계획 및 지역개발계획의 체계적인 관리를 포함하여 기초자치단체의 적극적인 의지가 무엇보다 중요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.937-944
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• 2010

Cu and Zn can be accumulated in plastic film house soils by long-term application of livestock manure or compost. The mobility and bioavailability of Cu and Zn accumulated in soils are strongly influenced by their chemical or geochemical species in soils. In order to assess the accumulation, mobility, and bioavailability of Cu and Zn in plastic film house soils, we determined their geochemical species using a sequential extraction, grouped into three pods: the total pool, the potentially mobil pool, and the mobil pool. Total contents of Cu and Zn, ranged from 14.9 to 53.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu and from 55.4 to 169 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn, lied by far below the soil contamination standards, but exhibited little accumulation compared with their geogenic concentrations. Mobile contents of Cu and Zn and their percentage of total contents were strongly affected by soil pH in addition to total contents and soil organic matter. Mobile contents of Cu, ranged from <0.01 to 1.71 mg $kg^{-1}$, showed their minimum between pH 5.0 and 6.0 and increased above pH 6.0 to 8.0. In contrast, mobile contents of Zn, varied from <0.01 to 12.4 mg $kg^{-1}$, showed their minimum above pH 7.0 and increased strongly with decreasing pH below 5.5~6.0. Potentially mobile and total contents of Cu and Zn rose with ascending soil organic matter. To assess ecological and toxic effects of Cu and Zn in soils, mobile and potentially mobile contents, as bioavailable and potentially bioavailable pools, should be considered more important than total contents.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2012

1. 가축분뇨 발효액비 관련하여 국내 현황은 농가형, 공동형, 상품형 등 크게 3가지 형태로 나누어 운영되고 있다. 특히 퇴비와 달리 가축분뇨 액비의 경우 유통활성화를 위한 품질인증제도는 실시되고 있지 않고 있으나 현장에서의 실무진의 의견을 종합하여보면 액비의 품질관리, 살포시기 조정, 저장기간의 최소화, 공동자원화시설의 운영활성화, 경종농가의 요구 등을 위해서는 반드시 필요한 부분이며 시기의 시급성을 요청하고 있다. 한편 해외국가 중 우리나라와 유사한 축산환경 문제를 가지고 있는 네덜란드는 생태법과 토양보호법을 통하여 분뇨의 관리에 대한 방법과 시기를 규정하고 있으며, 농가마다 가축분뇨 생산기준량이 인산 환산량으로 설정되어 있고 발생량 기록부의 보관을 의무화하도록 하고 있다. 또한 액비에 관한 분뇨 시용량에 대해서는 인산기준 목초지 150 kg/ha/년, 농경지 110 kg/ha/년 이하로 제한하고 있다. 일본의 경우 역시 지자체에서 발효액비 함유 비료성분을 기입하고 지역 내에서 유기액비로 유통하고 있으나, 액비의 지원과 품질의 규제 및 살포에 관한 규정은 별도로 없다. 그 외에 덴마크의 경우 액비에 대한 비료성분의 관리계획이 농가마다 의무화되어 있으며 이를 넘는 시용에 대해서는 벌금을 부과하며, 가축분뇨 저장시설에 대해서는 6개월 이상의 저장시설 설치가 의무화되어 있다. 이처럼 국외에서도 가축분뇨에 대한 관리에 대한 농지환원 및 환경에 관한 규제와 법률은 있지만 액비품질인증에 대한 세부적인 규정은 아직 마련되고 있지 않다. 2. 본 연구는 우리나라 가축분뇨 발효액비의 현장 이용형태에 따라 3가지로 나눈 후 Table 1에서 도출하였던 8가지의 형태에 따라 목표요소를 설정하였다. 향후 액비품질인증제도 구축을 위해서는 각 목표요소에 따른 평가요소의 구체적 정량, 정성화 작업이 필요하다. 예상되는 평가요소로서 (1) 비효성의 경우 사용되어지는 가축분뇨의 원료기준 및 비료의 성분을 나타내기 위한 N, P, K의 함량, (2) 위해성의 경우 비료공정관리규격에서 명시하고 있는 O-157대장균, 살모넬라 등과 같은 병원성미생물과 바이러스, 중금속의 존재여부, (3) 안정성의 경우 악취로 인한 암모니아 농도에 따른 세밀한 기준과 악취제어를 위한 액비의 부숙도에 관한 측정기준, (4) 균질성의 경우 가축분뇨 액비성상의 표준농도를 설정, 생산 공정의 표준화, (5) 경제성의 경우 품질인증기준 규정화, 제조단가 및 판매가격의 가격비율에 대하여 화학비료와 비교한 경제성, (6) 저장성의 경우 상품의 유통을 위해 장기적으로 보관할 수 있는 요소에 관하여 분뇨에서 발생하는 $CO_2$ 발생량이나 그 외에 부패에 영향을 주는 요소, (7) 상품성과 기능성의 경우 작물맞춤형 N, P, K 농도나 작물생장에 보조적인 역할을 할 수 있는 영양분요소 등을 고려하여야 한다. 향후 이러한 평가요소에 대한 명확한 기준을 마련하기 위하여 구체적인 연구와 조사가 필요하다. 특히 2012년부터 해양배출금지에 따른 가축분뇨 및 폐기물에 대한 육상처리가 불가피한 만큼 빠른 시일 내에 목표요소에 대한 평가요소의 구축이 필요하다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.136-146
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• 2002

Land application of manure compost is considered one of the widely-used animal waste management practices. Many livestock farms adopt composting for their animal waste disposal and apply the compost to crop fields. While standard rates have been established based on researches with respect to land application of manure compost recently, there have been few discussions on water quality impact of the application. Water quality impact should be taken into account in land applications of manure compost. In this study, management practices were proposed based on the investigation of water quality of leachate from manure compost under rainfall simulation, field studies, and monitoring runoff water quality from farm fields after land application of animal waste. The concentrations of major water quality parameters of the leachate were significantly high, whereas those of runoff from soils after tillage for soil incorporation, were not affected by the application based on a series of experiments. Runoff water from farm fields after land application also showed high concentrations of pollutants. Appropriate management practices should be employed to minimize pollutant loading from manure applied fields. Proposed major management practices include 1) application of recommended amounts, 2) proper tillage for complete soil and manure incorporation, 3) field management to prevent excessive soil erosion, 4) complete diversion of inflow into the field from outside, 5) implementation of vegetative buffer strips near boundaries, and 6) prevention of direct discharge of runoff water front fields Into streams.