• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.597-601
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• 1996

Twelve Philippine does of 3.5-5.0 years old were used in this study. They were divided into three groups, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$. Four animals were randomly allocated to each group. Before infection, they were dewormed and housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. They were infected orally with a single dose of three levels (0, 15,000 and 30,000) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal at fortnightly intervals for 17 fortnights. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined using hemoglobinometer and packed cell volume (PCV) by microhematocrit methods. Animals in infected groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower hemoglobin values than the control except during fortnight 1 for group 2 and fortnights 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 for group 3. Hemoglobin concentration did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between the animals in infected groups throughout the sampling period except fortnight 2. The PCV values of animals in infected groups were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the control for most of the sampling periods. The PCV values of animals in group 2 did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ from group 3.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2003

Supplementary feeding strategies were evaluated from pre-calving throughout lactation on 24 dual-purpose Mpwapwa breed cows in their second or greater lactation, weighing 246-455 kg. The Mpwapwa breed is an established breed of 4 Bos indicus breeds and 8% of Bos taurus. The cows were penned and stall-fed individually. Eight weeks before calving to eight weeks after calving, the cows were divided into two groups and offered hay ad libitum with either 2 kg DM (L) or 4 kg DM/day (H) concentrates. Nine weeks after calving half of the cows on L-level continued with 2 kg DM/day (L-L) while the remainder received 4 kg DM concentrate daily (L-H). Half of the cows on H-group continued with 4 kg DM/day (H-H) while the remainder received 2 kg DM/day (H-L). The concentrate mixture comprised of sunflower seed cake (33%) and maize bran (67%). The cows consumed all the concentrate offered. Hay DM intake was similar (6.8 kg/day) and tended to decrease the last two weeks before calving increased again after calving. Live weight change and body condition score were similar across treatments before calving but differed after calving (p<0.05). Heavier cows with higher condition score pre-calving had a higher body weight loss and regained weight later. After treatment reallocation, live weight change and condition differed between treatments (p<0.05). Calves were allowed to suckle milk from one quarter. The amount of milk suckled and calf weight gains were not significantly different between treatments. The cows were removed from the experiment when the milk yield was below 4 kg per day. Cows on treatment H produced 6.2 kg and on treatment L 5.0 kg saleable milk/day (p<0.05) during the first 8 weeks post partum. During the period 9-18 weeks post partum the saleable daily milk on H-H, L-H, H-L and L-L were 5.2, 4.8, 4.7 and 4.3 kg, respectively (p>0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.679-682
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• 1997

A uniform group of 12 upgraded growing goats aged between 6.0 and 7.5 months were used in this study. They were divided into three groups of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$. Four animals were randomly allocated to each group. They were infected orally with three levels (0 larva, 5,000 larvae and 10,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection, all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. Total red blood cells (RBC) and total white blood cells (WBC) were measured by hemacytometric method. Results showed significant interaction effect of H. contortus infection and duration of infection on red blood cell counts. The RBC counts of animals in treatment groups 2 and 3 showed significantly lower values over the control group from the second fortnight to the end of the study. The overall mean RBC values of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 11.73, 9.70 and $9.12million/mm^3$ blood, respectively. H. contortus infection did not significantly influence the total leukocyte counts. Worm infection and duration of infection interaction was also absent on WBC counts. However, the time or duration of infection significantly influenced the WBC counts. Fecal egg counts showed patent infections in the infected animals which also indicated by postmortem worm counts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of three categories of supplements on intake and diet induced difference on degradation of straw substrates. Sixteen crossbred cattle fitted with rumen cannula were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Animals were fed on wheat straw ad libitum without any supplement except mineral mixture (control; $T_1$) or supplemented with concentrate mixture (CS; $T_2$) or green Lucerne (GLS; $T_3$) or urea-molasses block lick (ULS; $T_4$). Total dry matter intake in $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ was increased by 70, 54 and 49%, respectively compared to $T_1$ which was only 1.55 kg/100 kg B.Wt. Other than control animals, straw intake was less on $T_3$ than $T_2$ or $T_4$. In Sacco degradation of untreated and urea treated wheat or paddy straw in different treatments indicated that the supplements had a significant (p<0.01) impact on rapidly soluble (A) and insoluble but potentially degradable (B) fractions of straw. Urea treatment increased fraction-A but, provision of supplement improved fraction-B also. Effective degradation (ED) of OM was better on $T_2$. Rate of degradation (C) of OM and CWC was dependent on diet and type of straw but hemicellulose and cellulose were related to latter factor only. ED of cell wall carbohydrates (CWC) was similar in $T_2$ and $T_4$ but higher than $T_3$. CS was more effective in improving the degradation of both untreated and urea treated straw while ULS was effective on the former only. CS had more impact on superior quality straw while contrary was true with ULS. Although GLS improved intake and degradability of untreated and urea treated straws, its bulkiness affected the straw intake compared to other supplements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.534-539
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• 1997

A uniform group of 12 upgrade grower goats of 6.0 -7.5 months old were used in this study. They were equally divided into three groups of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ and were infected orally with three levels (0, 5,000 and 10,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection, all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floor. They were provided with a uniform management. Comparison of body weight changes of infected and uninfected grower goats were done using weekly body weights. There was significant (p < 0.01) interaction between the effect of stomach worm infection and duration of infection on body weight. The infected groups (2 and 3) weighed significantly (p < 0.05) less than the control group from week 18 to 21. The animals of control group gained an average of 2.85 kg with 18.75 g average daily gain (ADG) in 152 days, which were significantly higher than those of animals in the infected groups. There was significant effect of H. contortus infection on the pres laughter weights of grower goats. The hot carcass weights of the infected goats were significantly lower than the uninfected group. No significant difference in dressing percentage of infected and uninfected groups was observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2011

Data on 2,365 Mecheri sheep (1,201 males and 1,164 females), maintained at the Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri, India, and recorded between 1979 and 2006, were analysed to study the growth related traits and their genetic control. The body weights at different ages (i.e. at birth, weaning (3 months), 6, 9 and 12 months) were recorded and collected from the birth and growth registers maintained in the farm. The average weights of Mecheri sheep at birth, and at 12 months of age were $2.24{\pm}0.01$ and $16.81{\pm}0.15$ kg respectively. The pre- and post-weaning average daily weight gains were $63.84{\pm}0.75$ and $29.52{\pm}0.43$ g respectively. Study revealed a significant difference with the period of lambing on body weight, weight gain and efficiency in weight gain at different stages of growth. Males were heavier and had a higher weight gain than females at almost all stages of growth and the differences tended to increase with age. The direct heritability estimates increased from birth to six months of age and then decreased. The direct heritabilities of all body weights at different stages of growth were low to moderate in magnitude and the values at birth, weaning, six, nine and 12 months of age were 0.08, 0.17, 0.21, 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. For the estimation of heritability at birth and three months body weights, the direct additive genetic and maternal additive genetic effects have to be taken into account and for the estimation of six months weight, the direct additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects have to be included in the model. The estimates of heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations among the different body weights indicated that the selection for improving the body weights at different traits should be done on the basis of three or six months weight because of higher heritability estimates and having higher genetic correlations with other traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2018

Objective: DNA methylation plays a major role in regulating the expression of genes related to traits of economic interest (e.g., weight gain) in livestock animals. This study characterized and investigated the functional inferences of genome-wide DNA methylome in the loin (longissimus dorsi) muscle (LDM) of swine. Methods: A total of 8.99 Gb methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequence data were obtained from LDM samples of eight Duroc pigs (four pairs of littermates). The reference pig genome was annotated with 78.5% of the raw reads. A total of 33,506 putative methylated regions (PMR) were identified from methylated regions that overlapped at least two samples. Results: Of these, only 3.1% were commonly observed in all eight samples. DNA methylation patterns between two littermates were as diverse as between unrelated individuals (p = 0.47), indicating that maternal genetic effects have little influence on the variation in DNA methylation of porcine LDM. The highest density of PMR was observed on chromosome 10. A major proportion (47.7%) of PMR was present in the repeat regions, followed by introns (21.5%). The highest conservation of PMR was found in CpG islands (12.1%). These results show an important role for DNA methylation in species- and tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. PMR were also significantly related to muscular cell development, cell-cell communication, cellular integrity and transport, and nutrient metabolism. Conclusion: This study indicated the biased distribution and functional role of DNA methylation in gene expression of porcine LDM. DNA methylation was related to cell development, cell-cell communication, cellular integrity and transport, and nutrient metabolism (e.g., insulin signaling pathways). Nutritional and environmental management may have a significant impact on the variation in DNA methylation of porcine LDM.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2017

동 식물성잔재물의 재활용을 활성화하기 위해서는 동 폐기물에 대한 배출원, 배출량과 처리방법 등에 대한 통계가 세부적으로 작성되어 이를 재활용하려고 하는 폐기물재활용업자가 이에 대한 정보를 쉽게 얻을 수 있어야 하고, 법규에서 재활용을 허용하는 방법이 적정하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 우리나라의 동 식물성잔재물의 세부 분류와 법규에서 허용하는 재활용 가능 유형의 적정성을 검토하였다. 또한, 세부 분류의 개선방안을 마련하기 위해 유럽과 일본의 동 폐기물에 대한 세부 분류를 문헌을 통해 조사하였고, 국내의 동 폐기물의 재활용 현황을 파악하기 위해 동 식물성유 제조업과 전분 및 당류 제조업체와 이들 업종에서 발생하는 동식물성잔재물을 재활용하는 업체에 대한 현장방문 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 폐기물관리법 시행규칙의 세부분류와 재활용 가능 유형의 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.543-552
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• 2012

Namgang mid-watershed is located in downstream of Nakdong river basin. There are many pollution sources arround this area and it's control is important to manage a water quality of Nakdong river. A target year of Namgang mid-watershed water environment management plan is 2013. To predict a water quality at downstream of Namgang, we have investigated and forecasted the pollutant source and it's loading. There are some plan to construction the sewage treatment plants to improve the water quality of Nam river. Those are considered on predicting water quality. As results, it is shown that the population is 343,326 and sewerage supply rate is 79.2% and the livestock is 1,662,000 in Namgang mid-watershed. It is estimated that the population is 333,980, the sewerage supply rate is 86.9% in 2013. The milk cow and cattle were estimated upward and the pigs were downward by 2013. The generated loading of BOD and TP is 75,957 kg/day and 4,311 kg/day, discharged loading is 18,481 kg/day and 988 kg/day respectively in 2006. It were predicted upward the discharged loading of BOD and TP by 4.08% and 6.3% respectively. The results of water quality prediction of Namgang4 site were 2.5 mg/L of BOD and 0.120 mg/L of TP in 2013. It is over the target water quality at that site in 2015 about 25.0% and 9.1% respectively. Consequently, there need another counterplan to reduce the pollutants in that mid-watershed.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

A total of 301 samples of bovine liver, spleen and omasum were collected from butchers and restaurants in Gwangju, Korea during 2012 and all samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and antibiotic residues. Also, this study was performed to survey the consciousness for hygiene of livestock workers who are handling bovine by-products in Gwangju. The detection rate of aerobic plate count (APC) was higher in summer than in other seasons in all by-products (P=0.000). The detection rate of E. coli count was lower in the liver than the spleen and omasum (P=0.000). Twenty four of the samples (8.0%) were contaminated with S. aureus while one spleen sample (0.3%) was contaminated with L. monocytogenes and finally 10 (3.3%) of the liver and omasum samples were contaminated with Cl. perfringens. Five of the twenty-four S. aureus isolates harbored enterotoxin gene. However, the cpe gene of Cl. perfingens was not detected among any of the 10 isolates. Antibiotic residues were not detected in the liver samples. The consciousness survey's results showed that most of them (58.8%) were safe.