• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

In Korea, groundwater is main water source in livestock farms. Most dairy and cattle farms have constructed their own wells for human drinking and livestock farming. However, these private residential wells have not been controlled by government and also there was scant study about livestock drinking water quality. Therefore this study was to monitor of the livestock farms' groundwater quality in Korea. Water samples were collected at 123 dairy and cattle farms and were analysed forty six substances with quality standard for drinking water approved by the Minister of Environment. Seventy eight (63.4%) of 123 samples failed to drinking water stand a test. The most frequent contaminants were nitrate-nitrogen and microbial. 22.8% (n=28) of samples showed nitrate-N concentration of higher than 10 mg/L meant that can't be used drinking water for human and the Nitrate-N concentration analysed in the range of 0.2 to 61.2 mg/L. All of 78 failed to drinking samples had microbial problems, especially 5.7% (n=7) of samples indicated water could be contaminated by feces. Other contaminants detected were zinc and evaporation residue. Especially detected zinc concentration (32 mg/L) was about ten times higher than standard of zinc (3 mg/L). Regression analysis indicated that groundwater pH did not influence to nitrate-N concentration but the hardness and chloride could affect to nitrate-N concentration in the groundwater. Most livestock farms were adjacent to crop farmland in Korea. This could cause contamination of groundwater with nitrate-N and pesticide that could accumulate livestock product. Moreover Heavy metal such as zinc and copper could be released from a corrosive plated water pipe in livestock farm. Put together, Korea livestock system is indoor, not pasture-based, hence livestock could be exposed to potential contaminated water consistently. Therefore on the basis of these data, appropriate livestock drinking water quality standards should be prepared to keep livestock healthy and their product safe. Further, livestock drinking water quality should be monitored continuously in suitable livestock drinking water standards.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2001

양돈.양계농장에서 가축음용수 수질향상을 위하여 이용이 확대되고 있는 오존발생기의 이용효과를 구명하고자 가축음용수에 3종의 표준균주를 접종 후 $O_3$A, $O_3$, UVL 등 3종류의 오존발생기를 공시하여 처리하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.가축음용수 오존처리시 pH는 $O_3$A구 6.84에서 8.01로, $O_3$구 6.81에서 7.59로 증가 했으나 UVL, Control구는 변화가 없었다. 2. 용존산소량은 $O_3$A구 6.43ppm에서 8.43 ppm으로, $O_3$구 6.40ppm에서 8.40ppm 으로 증가 했으나 UVL, Control구는 변화가 없었다. 3. 산화환원전위차는 $O_3$A구는 처리전 168.7 mV에서 502.3mV로 증가하였으며 $O_3$구는 164.3mV에서 409.7mV로 급격히 증가하였으나 UVL구나 Control구는 완만찬 증가를 보였다. 4. 가축음용수에 E. coli 08:$H^-$, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus를 접종 후 오존처리시 처리 30분 후 세균수는 급격하게 감소하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.7-25
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• 1991

Until now, pure drinking water grnerally menas the water without taste, odor, general bacteria, coliform, and other exotic substance. Such a definition has been changing recently due to the finding of numerous other inorganic and organic substances unknown to us. 10 years ago, major causes of death were infectious agents and parasites contained in water, but recently, it has become apparent that some substances contained in drinking water cause cancer and heart diseases. We must drink about 2L of water everyday in order to maintain healthy condition. Waters used for drinking include tap water, well water, spring water, filtered water, etc., but the quality of drinking water has more polluted due to the industrial development and population increase. For example, industrial waste waters from industrial plants pollute the water supply sources ; toxic substances contained in the waste waters pollute the ground water sources by penetrating the geological strata, and municipal, livestock, public building waste waters also pollute the water supply sources. Sometimes, the polluted surface waters were announced to be polluted by various kinds of orgainc substance, and it is reported that the pollution of ground water by orga nic substances has few in number but high in its concectration comparing with those of surface water. As the water quality pollution level increases, so the amount of disinfectant also increase. For example, chlorine solution, one of widely used disinfectants, creates trihalomethane(THM), a carcinogen, and halogen compounds. According to Oliver, through chlorine disinfection process, humine substance and chlorine create bolatile organic halide and nonvolatile organic halide by chemical reaction. There are tens or hundreds filtering devices, but filtering principles and maintenance metjhods are different, so their efficiency tests are needed. According to Smith, the effeciency tests aginst over 30 Ameican filtering devices show that 10 devices can remove 85% of volatile organics and further studies on filtered waters are underway. In consideration of important impacts of polluted drinking water on national health, authors studied the state of water quality pollution against tap water used as drinking water, filtration device passed water, ground water, and conserved drinking water ; tested the efficiency of filtration devices for tap water ; tried to sep up the detection method by using ion chromatography based on negative ion and positive ion by using single column, and attemped the simple filtration method for general households.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.267-274
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pasture types(mixture and mono tall fescue pasture) and endophyte infection on the animal behavior of Korean native cattle at the Experimental Field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suweon, in 1994. The results obtained are sumunarized as follows: DM intake of Korean native cattle was increased with mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue for both pasture types. Mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue showed good animal preference. Daily grazing time was increased with mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue in monoculture, while annual grazing period was increased with monoculture and endophyte-infect tall fescue. Amount of drinking water of Korean native cattle was increased with tall fescue monoculture rather than mixture, however the amount of drinking water was higher with endophyte-infect tall fescue in monoculture. Salt intake of Korean native cattle was increased with mixture and endophyte-6ee tall fescue in monoculture. Rectal temperature of Korean native cattle was not influenced by pasture types and endophyte infection. Based on the results of this experiment, DM intake of Korean native cattle and daily grazing time were increased by mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue with good quality.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2002

The characteristics of drinking groundwater quality at Chung Cheong Nam Do was analyzed by investigating the 3,086 groundwater data which were carried out the water quality inspection from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 1998. It was found that all the mean concentration of items was not over the drinking water quality standard except Zn at Yeongee area. The highest mean concentration of nitrate was $8.2 mg/{\ell}$ at Hongsung area. And the mean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium at Sucheon, Yesan, Yeongee were relatively higher. It was considered that the groundwater of that area was contaminated by breeding livestock as farm pollutants. The mean concentrations of chloride, hardness and evaporation residual at coastal regions were higher than inland regions. Especially the mean concentration of chloride was 2.5 times higher. It was considered that the groundwater at coastal regions was affected by seawater. It was found that the correlation between Fe and Mn was relatively high(r=0.776) and the correlation between hardness and evaporation residual was very high(r=0.983). The rainfall series and detection rate of E-coli had the hydrologic persistence. The correlation between the detection rate and rainfall series over 150 mm was very high (r=0.9146). Therefore it is surely required to control the groundwater sanitation in the rainy season.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2004

축산농가에서 가축 음용수의 수질개선을 위하여 이용하고 있는 오존$\cdot$음이온 발생기의 이용효과를 구명하고자 0.658 $\~$0.722 g/hr의 오존과 3.27$\~$ 6.17$\times$1,000,000개/sec의 음이온이 발생하는 오존$\cdot$음이온 발생기를 이용하여 가축음용수에 3종의 표준균주를 접종 후 오존$\cdot$음이온 처리 효과를 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 가축 음용수에 오존$\cdot$음이온 처리시 pH는 대조구의 경우 변화가 없었으나 오존$\cdot$음이온 처리구의 경우 처리 전 6.38 $\~$7.14에서 처리 1시간 후에는 7.5 $\~$7.8로 증가하여 유의적인 차이가 있었으며(P<0.05) 처리 48시간에는 급격히 낮아졌다. 2. 용존 산소량은 대조구의 경우 시험 개시전에 2.0 $\~$ 3.5 mg/$\iota$ 이었으나 24시간 0.6 $\~$ 2.0 mg/$\iota$ 48시간 0.6mg/$\iota$으로 처리시간이 경과할수록 낮아지는 경향이었으나 오존$\cdot$음이온처리시 처리 1시간 후부터 5.5 $\~$ 6.0 mg/$\iota$으로 급격히 상승하여 유의적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 3. 용존 오존량은 대조구에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았으며, 처리구의 경우에도 처리 24시간 이내에는 아주 낮은 농도의 용존 오존이 검출되었으나 24시간 0.13$\~$0.37 mg/$\iota$, 48시간 0.48 $\~$ 0.56mg/$\iota$으로 높은 농도를 보였다. 4. 가축 음용수에 대장균, 살모넬라균, 포도상구균을 접종시 대조구의 경우 시간 경과에 따라서 높은 세균 수를 보였으나 오존$\cdot$음이온 처리시 처리 1시간 후부터 미생물이 전혀 검출이 되지 않았다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.481-490
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• 2005

Nitrate contamination in water system is a critical environmental problem caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizer and concentration of livestock. In order to prevent further contamination, therefore, it is necessary to understand the origin of nitrate in nitrogen loading sources and manage the very source of contamination. The objective of this study was to examine the nitrate contamination sources in different agricultural system by using nitrogen isotope ratios. Groundwater and runoff water samples were collected on a monthly basis from February 2003 to November 2003 and analyzed for nitrogen isotopes. The nitrate concentrations of groundwater in livestock fanning area were higher than those in conventional and organic fanning area and exceeded the national drinking water standard of 10mg N/ l. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ranges of chemical fertilizer and animal manure were - 3.7${\sim}$+2.3$\textperthousand$ and +12.5${\sim}$26.7$\textperthousand$, respectively. The higher ${\delta}^{15}N$ of animal manure than those of chemical fertilizer reflected isotope fractionation and volatilization of '''N. The different agricultural systems and corresponding average nitrate concentrations and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values were: conventional farming, 5.47mg/e, 8.3$\textperthousand$; organic fanning, 5.88mg/e, 10.1$\textperthousand$; crop-livestock farming, 12.5mg/e, 17.7%0. These data indicated that whether conventional or organic agriculture effected groundwater and runoff water quality. In conclusions, relationship between nitrate concentrations and ${\delta}^{15}N$ value could be used to make a distinction between nitrate derived from chemical fertilizer and from animal manure. Additional investigation is required to monitor long-term impact on water quality in accordance with agricultural systems.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1026-1030
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• 2010

The Geum river being used as drinking water sources has contaminated due to inflow of inadequately treated wastewater from the tributaries into the river. The characteristics of water quality in the upper regions showed good grade(BOD<3mg/L) in the Geum river, the Mankyung river and the Dongjin river, while that in the lower regions and the upper region of the Sapkyo river did not achieve the good grade. This resulted in the inflow of domestic, industrial and livestock wastewater not adequately treated by wastewater treatment systems. For lakes, the mouth of the kyungchun lake, the Sapkyo lake and the Yedane lake showed the eutrophication phenaminon with higher COD concentration. In particular, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentration were higher in the Sapkyo lake than other lake.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2002년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.506-506
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• 2002

S. Korean Government has accelerating its efforts to enhance the quality of the drinking water. The Ministry of Environment has declared the law of securing water-pollutant buffering zone to minimize the inflow of the point and nonpoint sources into the drinking water sources. As a first phase of installing nationa-wide water-pollutant buffering zone, approximately 300km buffering zone has been delineated along the South and North Han river, the major drinking water sources for the capital area of S. Korea, which has the population of more than 12 millions. The buffering zone has the width of 1,000 meter for the special protection area, and 500 meter for the remaining area from both ends of the river. The major works have been done in three stages. Firstly, the boundaries lines of the buffering zone was delineated on the digital topographic maps. Secondly, the maps were overlayed with the cadastral maps to identify individual land parcels, the street address of the major pollutant discharging facilities, and all different types of pollutants including livestocks. Thirdly, the field work has been done as a verification. Once the buffering zone was generated, all the information for the buffering gone were created or imported from other government agencies including official land price, details of the major manufacturing facilities discharging considerable amount of pollutants, major motels and resorts, not to mention of restaurants, etc. Also, major livestock houses were located to identify the path of the pollutant inflow to the drinking water source. Further works need to be continued such as purchasing private lands within the buffering zone and change the land use in the efforts to decrease the pollutant amount and to provide more environmentally friendly space. Also, high resolution satellite imagery should be utilized in the near future as a cost-effective data source to update all the landuse activities within buffering zone.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1349-1360
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• 2012

This study presented the phytoplankton communities of the three lakes (Sayeon, Daeam, Hoeya ) using for drinking water in the Ulsan reservoir. The water storage of the Lake Sayeon, Daeam and Hoeya were 25, 13, 21 million ton respectively and most of which were being utilized for industrial and residential purposes. The total precipitation of the Ulsan region in 2010 was 1,162 mm, decreasing 10 % from 1,275 mm of the annual. As for pollutant loads, BOD and TN discharge loads of Daeam was the highest with 3,277 kg/day, 1,931 kg/day and 90 % of them were came from non-point pollutant sources. TP discharge loads showed the highest in the lake Hoeya with 643 kg/day and 97 % of them were came from point sources as household, industry and livestock. We assessed water quality of the lake Sayeon, Daeam and Hoeya using 17 variables. The water quality assessment found that the lake Daeam met the fourth to fifth grade because of high concentration of COD, SS and chlorophyll-a. Eutrophication assessment was conducted by revised Carlson's Index (TSIm, Aizaki) and found that Lake Daeam was more eutrophicated than the other two lakes all the year through as for chlorophyll-a, transparency and the total phosphorus (TP). A total of 95~111 phytoplankton species were identified from the three lake samples. Among them, the largest number of species were Chlorophyceae with 35~51, followed by Bacillariophyceae with 36~45, Cyanophyceae with 9~11, and Cryptophyceae with 6~9 species. The total cell number of phytoplankton was the highest in February (15,254 cells/mL) with Bacillariophyceae in the lake Daeam and the seasonal succession shows that Bacillariophyceae (Stephanodiscus spp.) in the spring, Cyanophyceae (Anabaena spp.) in the summer and the autumn, Bacillariophyceae (Stephanodiscus spp.) in the winter.