• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제10권3_4호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1995

To investigate and evaluate the scavenging and antioxidative effects of various ftavonoids on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity, in vivo and vitro tests of eight flavonoids(catechin, epicatechin, flayone, chrysin, apigenin, quercetin, morin and biochanin A) were carried out. In vitro test, inhibitory and antioxidative effects of lipoxygenase dependent lipidperoxidation, NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase to liver and lung microsome and superoxide anion production in rat peritoneal exudated macrophage were studied. In vivo test, biochemical parameters and cell population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in mouse and rats after administration of paraquat and flavonoids were tested. The results are summerized as follows; 1. All flavonoids tested inhibited on NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase in liver and lung microsome. 2. All flavonoids tested showed the inhibitory effects on the superoxide anion production in rat peritoneal exudated macropharge. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and total protein in BALF of mouse which increased by the administration of paraquat, decreased significantly by catechin, chrysin, morin and biochanin A. 4. Numbers of alveolar macropharge and PMN in BALF of rats which increased by the administration of paraquat decreased by all the tested flavonoids. Therefore, all flavonoids tested showed the useful compounds for scavenger and antioxidant on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.574-581
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• 2001

대두 발효 식품의 항산화 활서을 알아보기 위하여 in vitro와 in vivo에서 과산화 지질의 생성 억제와 항산화 관련 효소인 superoxide dismutae(SOD), catalase및 glu-tathion perosidase 활성을 증강시키는 실험을 실시하였다. In vitro 실험에서 항산화 활성을 실험한 결과 대두 발효식품은 POV와 관산화 지질의 생성을 유의성있게 억제시켰으며, quercetin과 catechin와 비교와 결과 SOD 활성은 상당히 높았다. 그리고 대두 발효 식품은 SD계 수컷 쥐에 2주간 사료에 첨가하여 먹인 후 항산화 활성을 측정한결과, 대두 발효식품을 쥐에 투여하여 사염화 탄소($CCl_4$)로 손상을 유도시킨 뒤 쥐의 간 microsome의 지질 과산화를 유의성 있게 억제 시켰다. 항산화 관련 효소인 SOD, catalase 및 glu-tathion perosidase 활성은 유의성 있게 증가하였고, 지질 과산화도 억제시켰다. 따라서 대두 발효 식품은 산화 스트레스로 생성되는 활성 산소의 소거에 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.533-538
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• 2005

This investigation was performed to study the antioxidant activities of Hovenia dulcis THUNBER var. koreana Nakai fruits extracts and the effect of Hovenia dulcis fruits extracts on glucose, lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. DPPH free radical scavanging activitiy and superoxide anion radical Scavenging of Hovenia dulcis fruits $80\%$ methanol extracts were $0.06\pm0.002mg$ polyphrnol/ml and $0.l2\pm0.00lmg$ polyphmol/ml, respectively. Hovenia dulcis fruits $80\%$ methanol extracts were partitioned into hexan, dichloro methane, ethyl acetate and butanol, successively. Ethyl acetate fraction were good antioxidant activity. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) induced diabetic rats showed a significant increases of plasma glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol. Concomitantly significant decrease of plasma high density lipoprotein. Glutathione level were decrease in cytosol of liver. Lipid peroxide were increase in microsome of liver. Group 1 and 2 were treated with Hovenia dulcis fruits ethyl acetate extracts 50 mg/kg body weight and 20mg/kg body weight for 24 days, individually. Group land 2 rats showed decreased plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and lipide peroxide in microsome of liver tissue of rats, and increased plasma high density lipoprotein and glutathione in cytosol of liver tissue rats. The result suggest that Hovenia dulcis THUNBER var. koreana Nakai fruits extracts may effectively normalize the impaired antioxiants status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hovenia dulcis fruits ethyl acetate extracts were used to improve the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant system due to the diabetes.

• 생약학회지
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• 제33권1호통권128호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Daewhang-whangryunhaedok-Tang(DWT) on liver injured rats induced by $CCl_4$ and the acute oral toxicity of it in mice. The activities of serum transaminase(ALT/AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG), change of liver enlargement, and inhibitory activities of lipid peroxidation, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase(GST) in liver microsome were determined in hepatotoxic rats induced by $CCl_4$ DWT DWT was significantly reduced the serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TC and TG levels. And, the increase of lipid peroxidation, decrease of catalase and GST activities in the liver microsome of $CCl_4$-intoxicated rat were significantly improved by the treatment of DWT. Male and female mice were administered maximum dosages of 5,000 mg/kg b.w. of DWT. After single oral administration of DWT to mice, we observed them daily for 2 weeks. DWT did not induce any toxic signs in the mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross necropsy findings of mice. Based on these results, it is concluded that DWT may have the hepatoprotective effect on $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Also, DWT may have no side effect and its $LD_{50}$ value may be over 5,000 mg/kg b.w. in mice.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 1990

In order to clarify mechanism of the formation of cinnamaldehyde (CNA) in incubation mixtures of tranylcypromine (TCP) with rat liver microsomes, the CNA formed under various incubation conditions were analyzed. For the purpose, HPLC method of the analysis of CNA was developed. The formation of CNA was found to be dependent on the incubation time and the amounts of microsomes added. In addition, exclusion of NADPH or NADP of NADPH-generating system in incubation mixtures resulted in the formation of markedly decreased amounts of CNA to 8.5 and 2.4%, respectively, relative to the amounts formed each in a standard system. The small amounts measured were comparable to those formed by incubation without microsomes or with boiled microsomes. The results clearly suggested that CNA is a metabolic product of TCP by rat liver microsomes though further studies are needed to suggest details of the steps to the formation of CNA from TCP and of the enzymatic entities involved in the formation of CNA.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.373-378
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• 1990

Free malonaldehyde was determined in nine kinds of ginseng polyacetylene-treated micro- some by HPLC analysis. Antioxidant activities of some phenolic compounds and ginseng saponin were also drtermined both by a new HVLC method and by THA method. A new HPLC system separaterl malonaldehyde at a retention time 5,6 min and showed a linear relationship between the peak are a and malonaldehyde concentration. Panaxnol showed the strongest activity among nine polyacetylenes and the addition of either chlorine or aletyl group reduced polyacetylene's own activity. Since C14-polyacetylenes such as panaxyne and panaxyne-epoxide had little or no antioxidant activities, S17-structure should be preserved to exert a radical-scvenging or trapping activity. The antioxidant activities of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and catechol were much weaker than those of C17-polyacetylenes. Ginseng saponin showed no antioxidant activity. Since TBA reactive substances and malonaldehyde contents were almost the same in peroxiedized microsome. TBA value seems a good indicator for lipid peroxidation in this particular Fe+3 ADP/NADPH system.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.82.1-82.6
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• 2022

Domestic poultry are among the non-target species of exposure to fipronil, but limited information is available on the metabolic effects of fipronil exposure in avian. We investigated the comparative capacity of in vitro biotransformation of fipronil among chicken, duck, quail, goose, and rat. Interspecies differences in kinetic parameters were observed; the clearance rate calculations (Vmax/Km) indicated that chicken and duck are more efficient in the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of fipronil to sulfone than quail, goose and rat. The lower hepatic clearance of fipronil in quail, goose and rat, suggested that fipronil sulfone may serve as a biomarker to indicate fipronil exposure in these species.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.148-156
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• 1994

Chloral hydrate(CH), an intermediate metabolite of trichloroethylene(TRI) is reduced to trichloroethanol(TCE-OH), and is oxidized to trichloroacetic acid(TCA) by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD)-dependent enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) in liver. This study was performed to find out the change of activity of ADH and ALDH with increasing amount of TRI. Intraperitoneal injection of TRI were done to the male Sprague Dawely rats(mean body weight, $170{\pm}10g$) in com oil at the dosage of 150, 300, 600 mg/kg for 2 days. The results of experiments are following : 1. The contents of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes in liver are tended to be decreased with increasing amount of, but not significantlly (p>0.05). 2. Activity of ADH in microsome is decreased(p<0.05), and activity of ALDH is increased with amount of TRI(P<0.05). 3. Total trichloro-compounds(TTC) concentration in urine are increased with amount of TRI, but the ratio of between the TCE-OH and the TCA were not shown any critical change. These results suggests that the ALDH in microsome may be related to metabolism of TRI, but ADH was nothing less than the effected to metabolism of TRI.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.318-326
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• 1991

사염화탄소(carbon tetrachloride, 이하 $CCl_4$라함)에 의한 간 중독시 flavonoids가 미치는 영향을 보기 위하여 $CCl_4$를 투여한 뒤 rutin, hesperidin을 주사하여 경시적으로 간 microsome과 혈청중 total cholesterol, transaminase(GOT, GPT) 및 alkaline phosphatase(Alk. P) 활성도를 측정 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1) 간장중 total cholesterol 함량은 rutin과 hesperidin 1회 투여후 1일에 대조군과 비교할 때 감소하다가 2일에 45%까지 증가되었으나 4일 후에는 정상으로 완전히 회복 되었다. 이와 같은 현상은 혈청중 cholesterol 함량에도 직접적으로 영향을 주어 시간이 경과함에 따라 어느정도 저하됨을 알 수 있었지만 혈청중에서 positive한 결과를 얻기는 어려웠다. (2) 간의 microsome 분획의 Alk. P 활성도는 대조군의 활성치에 비하여 2일에 급격히 증가를 보인 후 4일만에 대조군보다 낮은 활성을 보이다가 6일까지 완만하게 증가하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 Alk. P 활성도는 $CCl_4$ 투여군과 비교할 때 flavonoids 투여후 별다른 변동은 없었다. 그러나 혈청중 Alk. P 활성도는 hesperidin 투여로 인하여 저하 효과를 나타냈다. (3) GPT 활성도를 측정한 결과 간의 microsome 분획에서는 hesperidin 2회 투여에서, 그리고 혈청중 GPT 활성은 rutin과 hesperidin 두군 모두에서 아주 낮은 활성을 보여 flavonoids가 $CCl_4$ 투여로 인한 간독성을 해독하는 작용이 있음을 보여 주었다. (4) $CCl_4$독성을 일으킨 흰쥐의 간 microsome내 GOT 활성은 rutin 투여로 인하여 불규칙한 변동을 보여 rutin이 GOT활성에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 hesperidin 투여군에서는 증감의 변동없이 대조군치와 거의 비슷한 수준을 유지하였지만 $CCl_4$ 투여군과 비교할 때 낮은 활성을 보였다. 혈청중에서 GOT 활성은 flavonoids 1회 투여군에서는 4일만에, 2회 투여군에서는 6일만에 서서히 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 이상과 같이 $CCl_4$에 의하여 상승되는 total cholesterol, GPT, GOT, Alk. P의 활성도는 flavonoids중 rutin과 hesperidin 성분이 감소시키는 작용이 있는 것으로 보이며, 특히 hesperidin 성분은 $CCl_4$ 중독을 억제 또는 방어하고 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 본다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2001

콜레스테롤 함유식이(대조군)에 뽕나무(M군) 및 꾸지뽕나무(C군) 줄기껍질 수용성 추출물을 첨가하여 흰쥐에 급여시킨 후 혈청과 간장 지질 농도 및 각 조직중의 지질과산화물 함량에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 혈청 중성지질 농도는 대조군에 비교해서 M군에서는 유의적으로 감소하였고, C군에서는 감소경향을 보였다. C군에서 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 및 인지질 농도 및 M군에서 혈청 중성지질 농도는 대조군에 비해서 각각 저하하였다. 간장 콜레스테롤 농도는 대조군에 비해 C군 및 M군에서 저하경향을 나타내었으나, 중성지질 및 인지질 농도는 각군간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 흰쥐 각 조직의 생체막 지질과산화물 생성 정도의 지표인 TBARS의 상대적 농도는 뇌, 신장, 심장, 간장의 순으로 나타났다. 신장의 지질 과산화물 함량은 대조군에 비교해서 C군 및 M군에서는 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 뇌 및 간장의 지질 과산화물 농도는 오히려 유의적으로 증가하였다. 간장의 비헴철 함량은 대조군에 비해서 C군 및 M군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 이러한 증가는 간장 지질 과산화물 함량 증가와 깊이 관련되는 것으로 시사되었다. 흰쥐 조직으로부터 분획한 microsome에 $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate를 첨가하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 반응을 시키지 않은 것(0 hr)으로부터 지질 과산화물을 측정한 결과에서는 각 군간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate를 첨가하여 1시간 반응시킨 간장 및 뇌 조직 microsome의 지질 과산화물은 대조구에서 현저히 증가하였다. 한편 간장 microsome에 $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate 첨가 1시간 반응에서는 대조군에 비해 C군 및 M군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 뇌 조직에서는 이러한 효과가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 뽕나무 및 꾸지뽕나무 줄기껍질 수용성 추출물에는 혈청 중성지질 저하 작용 뿐만아니라 신장 및 간장 microsome의 지질과산화물 농도 저하작용이 인정되었다.