• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1619-1631
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• 2023

The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the effects of dietary fiber (DF) on reproductive performance in gestating sows. Dietary fibers have been suggested to modulate microbiota in the intestine and the immune system of gestating sows and to improve gut health. Thus, DF may help alleviate the adverse effects of the stressful production cycle of gestating sows. These benefits may subsequently result in improved reproductive performance of sows. Previous studies have reported changes in microbiota by providing gestating sows with DF, and the responses of microbiota varied depending on the source of DF. The responses by providing DF to gestating sows were inconsistent for antioxidative capacity, hormonal response, and inflammatory response among the studies. The effects of DF on reproductive performance were also inconsistent among the previous studies. Potential reasons contributing to these inconsistent results would include variability in reproductive performance data, insufficient replication, influence of other nutrients contained in the DF diets, characteristics of DF, and experimental periods. The present meta-analysis suggests that increasing the total DF concentration by 10 percentage units (e.g., 12% to 22% as-fed basis) in gestating sow diets compared to the control group improves the litter born alive by 0.49 pigs per litter. However, based on the present review, questions remain regarding the benefits of fibers in gestating sow diets. Further research is warranted to clarify the mode of action of fibers and the association with subsequent reproductive performance in gestating sows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1354-1363
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• 2010

This study compared the effect of four different feeding methods for gestating gilts on reproductive performance and growth of their progeny. A total of 40 F1 primiparous sows (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). For treatments, gestating period of sows was divided into three trimesters (0-35 d, 36-90 d and 91-110 d) and different amounts of feed were provided to each treatment group by Flat, Down-Up-Down (DUD), Up-Down-Up (UDU) and Down-Up-Up (DUU) feeding methods. The experimental diet was formulated to meet or exceed the standards of NRC (1998). Body weight gain of gestating gilts from d 0 to 110 was affected by feeding method (p<0.05). When gilts were fed constant feed ration (Flat feeding), less body weight loss was observed during lactation (-0.9 kg, p<0.05) and desirable backfat thickness (average 19.5 mm) was acquired at 110 days of gestation. Feed intake of lactating sows tended to be greater (4.22, 3.60, 3.97 and 4.13 kg/d, p>0.05) as sows in Flat feeding treatment had lower backfat thickness during gestation compared with other treatments (p<0.05). When gestating gilts were fed higher amount of feed during mid-trimester, the number of stillborn (1.4 piglet per litter, p<0.05) and mummies (0.8 piglet per litter, p = 0.25) were increased compared to other treatments. Feeding methods for gestating gilts had no effect on litter weight and gain of litter weight during the nursing period. Flat feeding method resulted in decreased plasma glucose concentration at 7 d postpartum (p<0.05), and increased LH concentration at 21 d postpartum (p<0.01) compared to other treatments. These results suggested that higher feed intake of gestating gilts resulted in detrimental effects on body condition and reproductive performance of sows. When gestating gilts consumed constant feed during gestation (2 kg/d), better reproductive performance and less body weight loss in lactation were observed because sows consumed more feed during the whole lactation period. Consequently, Flat feeding will be a desirable feeding strategy for gestating gilts to maximize reproductive performance, and better body condition of sows without any negative influence on the growth of their progeny.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.568-572
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• 2006

The effect of dietary lysine supplementation on the performance of crossbred lactating sows (n = 49, total 92 litters) and suckling piglets during the warm and cool seasons was studied. Sows were randomly allocated to one of two experimental diets, which were fed throughout a 28-day lactation period. Two diets were formulated based on corn-soybean meal with 6% wheat bran, containing 15% crude protein, and with or without 0.25% lysine-HCl supplementation. No interaction was observed between season and dietary lysine supplementation. Dietary lysine supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased weaning weight (7.11 vs. 6.46 kg) and daily gain (0.20 vs. 0.18 kg) of piglets. During the warm season lactating sows had significantly lower feed intake (3.78 vs. 6.11 kg, p<0.01), higher weight loss (19.81 vs. 9.73 kg, p<0.01) and backfat loss (0.23 vs. 0.06 cm, p<0.01), longer interval from weaning to estrus (9.32 vs. 6.21 days, p<0.05), lower litter weight gain (42.13 vs. 52.90 kg, p<0.01) and lower daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.21 kg, p<0.01) than lactating sows during the cool season. The results indicate that the influences of dietary treatment and season were independent. The 15.0% CP lactation diet with 0.25% lysine-HCl supplementation did not improve the performance of lactating sows and litter piglets, which was impaired by the warm season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genotype (slower-growing vs. fast-growing) and production system (access to outdoors vs. indoor) on the growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality (chemical composition, physicochemical and sensory properties) of chickens. The experiment was performed on 1,040 day-old hybrid male chickens of two genotypes. Slower-growing chickens (Hubbard JA957, certified) and fast-growing chickens (Hubbard F15) were fed identical diets until 65 days of age. Both genotypes (each represented by 520 birds) were divided into two subgroups and were raised in pens on litter with outdoor access or in indoor confinement without outdoor access (four replications per subgroup, each of 65 birds). Until day 21, the birds stayed in the indoor facility, in deep-litter pens. The birds could forage on pasture 12 h daily, commencing at three weeks of age. Stocking density was 0.13 $m^2$ floor space per bird in pens on litter, and 0.8 $m^2$ per bird in grassy yards. Compared with fast-growing, slower-growing chickens were significantly lighter (by 17%), had a lower breast and thigh muscle yield and a higher abdominal fat content, but they were characterized by higher survival rates at 65 days, a higher protein content and a lower fat content of breast meat. Outdoor access had no negative effects on the growth performance, muscle yield, the fatty acid profile and oxidative status of meat lipids. The meat of free-range chickens was darker in color, it had a higher protein content and a better water-holding capacity, but it was less juicy than the meat of birds raised indoors.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

본 연구는 혈장의 insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I과 IGF-II 농도와 산자수 및 비유성적과의 관계를 구명하고자 착수되었다. 분만주가 비슷한 미경산 및 경산 임신돈 중에서 선발한 총 60두의 순종 Landrace와 Yorkshire 공시돈을 저산자수 (low; <${\mu}$­0.5 SD)와 고산자수 (high; >${\mu}$ + 0.5 SD)-lines로 구분하여 2 (품종) ${\times}$ 2 (line) 요인분석 실험설계 하에 본 실험을 진행하였다. 공시돈은 분만시 모돈당 포유자돈수를 9두로 고정시키고, 3주령 이유시 비유량의 척도로서 총 이유자돈 체중을 측정하였다. 혈액 시료는 임신 90일과 분만 후 15일에 경정맥으로부터 채취하였다. 본 실험기간 중 산자수 및 본 실험기간까지의 평균 산자수는 high-line이 low-line보다 각각 3.7두와 2.4두 많았고 (P< 0.01), 두 품종간 산자수 차이는 없었다. 임신 90일 혈장의 IGF-II 농도는 low-line보다 high-line에서 높았다. 산자수는 임신 90일 IGF-I 농도와 Landrace에서는 부의 상관관계를 나타냈고 (r=－0.46; P<0.05), Yorkshire에서는 부의 상관관계 경향을 나타내어 (r=－0.31; P=0.09) 전체 공시돈에서는 이들 두 변수간 유의적인 부의 상관관계를 보였다 (r=－0.35; P< 0.01). 이유시 모돈당 총 이유자돈 체중은 두 품종간 혹은 두 lines간 차이가 없었다. 이유자돈 체중과 IGF 농도와의 관계는 품종 ${\times}$ 생리적인 생태 조합들간 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 임신 90일 IGF 농도가 임박한 분만시 산자수의 지표가 될 수 있는 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2006년도 The 6th Intermational Symposium on Developmental Biotechnology
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• pp.42-43
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• 2006

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

본 실험은 기존 사슴사료에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 대체 가능성을 검토하기 위해 숫사슴에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준을 0, 15, 및 30%로 달리하여 소화율, 증체량, 건물채식량 및 질소출납에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 모든 처리구에서 실험사슴들은 비슷한 수준의 채식량을 나타내어 건물기준으로 체중의 약 3% 정도의 채식량을 기록하고 있어 육계분 발효사료를 30%까지 첨가한 경우 숫사슴의 채식 기호도에는 부정적인 영향이 나타나지 않는 것으로 판단되었다. 건물소화율은 Control이 76.5%로 가장 높았고, T2가 70.3%로 가장 낮아 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조단백질의 경우도 Control구가 75.8%로 가장 높은 소화율을 나타냈으며, T2가 70.2%로 가장 낮은 소화율을 나타내어 처리간에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조섬유 소화율은 Control구 70.8.%, T1구 62.7%, T2구 56.0%로 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아짐에 따라 조섬유 소화율이 저하되어 Control구와의 사이에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 건물 및 가소화 건물섭취량 모두 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아질수록 약간씩 저하되는 경향은 있었으나 그 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 실험사슴들의 일당 증체량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으며 Con- trol구에서 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 차이는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 질소섭취량은 T1구가 40.2g으로 가장 많았으며 T2구가 38.0g으로 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 분 중 질소의 양은 T2구에서 가장 높았으며 뇨 중 질소의 양은 Control구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 체내 질소 축적량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으나 나머지 처리구들과 비슷한 수준을 유지했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2001

The effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on lactating multiparous sows and litter performance were studied. Sixty-two crossbred multiparous sows ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) were used. Thirty-three and twenty-nine sows were studied in their second parity and third parity respectively. The three dietary treatments were: (1) the control diet containing 15% CP and 0.75% lysine, (2) a diet containing 13% CP and 0.75% lysine (0.60% natural+0.15% synthetic), and (3) a diet containing 13% CP and 0.60% lysine. They were fed twice daily and allowed ad libitum access to food and water throughout a 28 day lactation from parturition until weaning. The results of this experiment showed that body weight and backfat losses of the sows from farrowing to weaning were significantly affected (p<0.01) by reducing dietary protein. Neither average daily feed intake nor weaning to estrus interval of sows were significantly different among treatments. Supplementing lower dietary protein with synthetic lysine could mitigate backfat losses, but could not prevent body weight losses in lactating multiparous sows. A corn-soybean meal diet containing 13% crude protein and 0.60% lysine did not significantly affect litter size and survival rate of weanling piglets compared with the 15% crude protein diet. There was a tendency towards decreased piglet weight at weaning (p<0.10) and reduced daily gain of piglets (p<0.11) when the multiparous sows were fed the 13% protein diet during lactation. We found a severe loss of body weight and backfat when reducing dietary protein for lactating multiparous sows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2002

본 연구는 1995년부터 2001년까지 한국종축개량협회가 전국 종돈장으로부터 수집한 Land- race, Yorkshire 및 Duroc의 등지방 두께, 일당증체량, 90kg 도달일령, 등심단면적, 정육률, 총산자수 및 복당생존자돈수에 대해 유전적 그룹을 통한 품종효과의 추정과 유전능력 평가를 위하여 96,842두의 산육능력성적과 90,396복의 산자능력자료를 분석하였다. 추정된 품종효과들은 각 품종의 특징을 보여주는데 Landrace는 등지방, 정육률 및 총산자수에서 우수하였고, Yorkshire는 정육률, 등심단면적, 총산자수 및 복당생존자돈수에서 좋은 결과를 보여주었으며, Duroc은 90kg 도달일령과 일당증체량에서는 우수하였지만 가식부위를 결정하는 등지방두께와 정육률, 번시능력을 보여주는 산자수에서 다른 품종에 뒤지는 것으로 나타났다. 유전적 그룹을 통한 품종효과의 추정으로 품종별로 능력평가를 하는 노력을 절감할 수 있고 또한 F1 잡종돈이 포함되어도 평가할 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.881-887
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) as an alternative feed ingredient to wheat bran on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk composition, and blood profiles of gestating sows. Methods: Forth multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were fed experimental diets starting at 35 days of pregnancy and an initial average body weight (BW) of $211.53{\pm}8.86kg$. Each sow was assigned to a treatment based on BW, backfat thickness (BF) and parity with 10 sows per treatment. Treatments were as follows: i) corn-soybean meal based diet with 6% of wheat bran (C0); ii) basal diet with 2% of CNT and 4% of wheat bran (C2); iii) basal diet with 4% of CNT and 2% of wheat bran (C4); and iv) basal diet with 6% of CNT (C6). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in BW and BF of gestating sows throughout the experimental period. However, changes in BF (p = 0.09) and the daily feed intake of sows (p = 0.09) tended to linearly increase during the lactation period. The weaning to estrus interval (WEI) showed a quadratic response to CNT treatment (p = 0.02), and the C2 diet showed the shortest WEI. Litter birth weight (p = 0.04) and piglet birth weight (p = 0.06) were linearly decreased with increase in CNT. Furthermore, there had no significant differences in piglet weight and litter weight in 21 day. Insulin concentration at day 70 of gestation was linearly reduced with increasing CNT level in diets (p = 0.03). Conclusion: When 6% CNT replaced wheat bran in gestating sow diets, there were no negative effects on sow performance, but litter birth weight and piglet birth weight were decreased when CNT level increased in gestating sow diets.