• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1993

인의 식물체로 부터 토양으로의 주요 환원경로인 litter의 분해과정에 관해서 조사하였다. 즉 생활형이 다른 Miscanthus sinensis. SaSa palmalta, Artemisia princeps 및 Polygonim thunbergii 군락에 있어서 litter로서 공급되어지는 총 낙엽량과 litter 존재량으로부터 litter의 소실속도를 구하였고, 또한 군락하에 nylon mesh bag 중에 litter를 집어 넣은 litter bag 을 설치하여, 그 내용물중의 감소속도로 부터 소실속도를 구하여 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 최대 litter 양은 Miscanthus＞SaSa＞Artemisia＞Polygonum 의 순이었지만, 년간의 litter 공급량은 Artemisia＞Miscanthus＞Polygonum＞SaSa의 순으로 나타났다. 2. 식물체 인의 토양에의 환원속도는 Polygonum＞Artemisia＞Miscanthus＞SaSa의 순으로 나타났다. 3. litter bag 법으로 산출된 소실속도는 자연상태에서 얻은 결과보다 소실속도가 늦은 경향을 보였다. 4. litter의 질소함유율과 litter의 소실속도와의 사이에는 강한 부의 상관을 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

Losses in the dry weight of leaf litter from six tree species were studied during 16 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest of Mt. Cheonma in the vicinity of Seoul in Korea by using litter bag method. The decomposition rate of each leaf litter varies with each species. After 16 months elapsed, the leaf litter of Acer pseudo-sieboidianum showed the highest decomposition constant (0.82) as Olson´s decomposition constant, while that of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest decomposition constant (0.33). The decomposition constant of Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Betula ermani and Carpinus laxiflora showed 0.43, 0.37, 0.66 and 0.75, respectively. The decomposition constant of leaf litter was considered with temperature and precipitation which accumulated daily during each term of litter bag collection. The decomposition constant of leaf litter showed closely positive correlation with daily accumulative temperature and precipitation. The relationships between decomposition constant and the daily accumulative temperature and precipitation at each period of litter bag collection were analyzed through multi-regression analysis. The correlation coefficients as a result of multi-regression analysis in Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, P densiflora, B. ermani, C. laxiflorais and A. pseudo-sieboldianum were 0.83, 0.81, 0.69, 0.77, 0.77 and 0.62, respectively. The precipitation showed higher effect, about 10 times, on the leaf litter decomposition than the daily accumulative temperature.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1997

One year study with litter bags(mesh size - 0.4mm, 0.8mm, 1.7mm and 5.0mm) was carried out to investigate the soil invertebrate community in the process of leaf decomposition in Namsan and Kwangreung deciduous forests, which were considered to be under different degrees of environmental selective pressure. Soil animals collected from litter bags were classified into the class of order or higher taxa. Acari and Collembola were major groups: Acari and Collembola were about 60% and 30% of total soil animals in their numbers, respectively. Among minor groups, Dipteria, Araneae, Diplopoda, Coleoptera and Chilopoda were comparatively dominant. In Namsan forest which was considered to be under higher environmental selective pressure than Kwangreung, the densities of Acari and Collembola were somewhat higher than in Kwangreung, although there was no statistically significant difference between two sites. The densities of Chilopoda, Enchytraeidae and Nematoda were much higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung but Diplopoda and Symphyla were much more in Kwangreung. It was expected that those groups could be used as bioindicators. The densities of Acari and Collembola were very low until March and then showed the peak in May. But they decreased slowly until November. There was no significant difference among the mesh sized of litter bags in the densities of Acari and Collembola but other groups of soil invertebrates seemed to be prevented from immigrating into the litter bag of mesh size 0.4mm. Decomposition rate of litter in the litter bag was low in early stage of decomposition. The % residual mass over initial mass at 8 months after litter bag introduction in the field was over 80%. Thereafter, % residual mass decreased more fast and was about 60% at 1 year after bag introduction. There was little evidence for the effects of soil invertebrates upon the litter decomposition in the period of this study. And there was no significant difference between Namsan and Kwangreung or among mesh sizes of litter bags in the decomposition rate.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2003

Dry weight loss and nutrient release from leaf litter for six tree species were studied using litter bag methods. The litter bags were incubated for f6 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest in Mt. Cheonma, located at the middle part of Korean Peninsula. The changes in nutrient content and the rate of dry weight loss in leaf litter varied with litter types. The litter of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest rate of mass loss (k=0.33), nitrogen concentration (0.89%) and ash concentration (2.50%), while showed the highest C/N ratio (63.40). On the other hand, the litter of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the fastest rate of mass loss (k=0.82), the highest nitrogen concentration (1.11%), and the lowest C/N ratio (49.40). During the decomposition, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the leaf litters showed relatively slow decreasing pattern compared to other elements (carbon, potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium), but potassium and sodium decreased at early stage of the decomposition for all leaf litters. Differences in annual decomposition rates of litter among species were consistent with the particular chemical characteristics of their leaf litters. The initial concentration of nitrogen was positively correlated with litter decomposition rate for six species, while litter decomposition rate of six species was negatively correlated with C:N ratio of initial leaf litters.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2006

팔당호에서 분포 면적과 빈도가 가장 큰 대형 수생 식물인 줄(Zizania latifolia), 갈대(Phragmites communis), 애기부들(Typha angustata) 3종의 잎과 줄기의 분해 실험을 낙엽 주머니 법(litter bag method)을 이용하여 2005년 7월에서 12월까지 실험하였다. 97일간의 실험 기간 동안 줄의 잎과 줄기는 각각 초기 건중량의 78.8%와 77.4%, 갈대의 잎과 줄기는 각각 67.5%와 43.6%, 애기부들의 잎과 줄기는 각각 55.3%와 61.9% 분해되었다. 식물체의 분해로 인한 중량 감소는 높은 질소(N) 함량과, 낮은 C/N을 보인 종과 식물체 부위에서 빠른 분해율을 나타내는 뚜렷한 상관이 있었다. 반면에 리그닌(lignin)의 함량이 높거나, lignin/N, cellulose/N이 높은 식물 종과 부위에서는 그 분해율이 늦은 것으로 나타났다. 수온과 수중 인(P)의 함량 변화와 낙엽 분해율 사이에는 양의 상관을 보였으나, $NO_3^-$-N 함량과는 음의 상관을 보였다. 더욱이 낙엽주머니의 망목의 크기를 달리한 각 낙엽주머니에서의 분해율은 차이를 나타내지 않아 이들 식물체의 분해는 대부분 갉아먹는 수생미소절지동물에 의하여 진행되는 것이 아니라 세균이나 곰팡이 등과 같은 미생물의 작용에 의하여 분해되고 있는 것으로 보이며, 특히 수중의 질소와 인(P)의 함량은 수온의 변화와 함께 이들 미생물의 소장에 영향을 주는 주요 환경요소로서 수중 식물체의 분해에 영향을 미치는 것으로 여겨진다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.563-573
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• 1996

Macroinvertebrate contribution to the leaf litter breakdown of Carpinus cordata was estimated at headwater streams at Mt. Jumbong (38°03'N, 128°25'E) during spring and winter spring by using two types of litter bag. Coarse-mesh bags with 10 g of leaf letter were placed in a 1st-order stream in April (the spring experiment) and December 1995 (the winter-spring experiment). Fine-mesh bags with 5 g of leaf letter were placed in a nearby 3ed-order steam. The breakdown of Carpinus in coarse-mesh bags was rapid, and, in terms of season, leaf litter processed rapidly during spring. daily mass loss rates of leaf litter (-k±1 SE) were highest for coarse-mesh bags in the spring experiment (-0.0429±0.0048), followed by coarse-mesh bags in the winter-spring (-0.0146±0.0014), fine-mesh bags in the spring (-0.0078±0.0004), fine-mesh bags in the winter-spring experiment (-0.0054±0.0005). Macroinvertebrate contribution to the litter breakdown was estimated by the difference of % leaf letter remaining between coarse -mesh bage and fine-mesh bags. Although shredders were more abundant during the winter-spring, their contribution was greater during the spring (50%) than the winter-spring (22∼33%). This result appeared to be due to the change in the chemical composition of leaf letter during processing, and to the seasonal growth patterns of major shredder taxa.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제4권1_2호
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• pp.38-51
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• 1981

The present investigation was estimated the effect of temperature, precipitatiion, and time on the decomposition of litters with litter bags of Pinus densiffora and Quercus mongolica at Gure where elevation in 50m, and at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m on Mt. Jiri. As the above results, decomposition model was proposed to relation of the environmental conditions. And was investigated the production and decomposition of litters from the stands of various forest communities in Kwangneung, Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla. The results are as follows; The models for the decay of organic carbon (C) was as follows: $C=Coe^{-Kt}$ (limiting factor;time) $C=Coe^{-K'te}$ (limiting factor;tempedrature) $C=Coe^{-KnP}$ (limiting factor:precipitation) As observed in litter bag method, the decomposition rate of litter in Pinus densiflora was slower than that of Quercus mongolica. The higher elevation, the slower decomposition rate. The decomposition of litters at Gure where elevation in 50m was equally influenced by temperature and precipitation. But at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m was much inflenced by precipitation. The decay constant of litters was larger in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the more elevatiion, the less decomposition constant. The time required for the decay of 50%, 95^, 99% of the accumulated litters in the forest floor were faster in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the higher elevatiion, the longer time required.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Mycobiology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2007

The colonization pattern and extent of decay produced in paddy stubble by soil inhabiting mycoflora were done by using nylon net bag technique. Among the three methods used for isolation of fungi, dilution plate technique recorded the highest number of fungi followed by damp chamber and direct observation method. Nutrient availability and climatic conditions (temperature, humidity and rainfall) influenced the occurrence and colonization pattern of fungi. Maximum fungal population was recorded in October ($48.99{\times}10^4/g$ dry litter) and minimum in May ($11.41{\times}10^4/g$ dry litter). Distribution of Deuteromycetous fungi was more in comparison to Zygomycetes, oomycetes and ascomycetes. In the early stage of decomposition Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus nigricans, Chaetomium globosum and Gliocladium species were found primarly whereas at later stages of decomposition preponderance of Aspergillus candidus, Torula graminis, Cladosporiun cladosporioides and Aspergillus luchuensis was recorded.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2007

This study examined the decomposition of blades and culms of aquatic emergent plant species, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites communis and Typha angustata, and changes in nutrient contents during decomposition. Z. latifolia, P. communis and T. angustata were the most frequently occurring species in Lake Paldang of Han River, Korea. Experiments were carried out from July 27 to December 14, 2005 in Lake Paldang using the litter bag method. The remaining masses of blade litter of each species at the end of experimental period were 21.2% of initial dry weight in Z. latifolia, 32.5% in P. communis, and 44.7% in T. angustata. In addition, the remaining mass of culm was 22.6% of initial dry mass in Z. latifolia, 56.4% in P. communis, and 38.1% in T. angustata. During the litter decomposition period, P, K, Na, and Mg concentration decreased rapidly within 10 days, but Ca and Mg concentration declined slowly. K contents remained below 10% of initial values in all litter samples retrieved during decomposition, whereas Ca and Mg concentration remained above 40% and 50% during decomposition in all three species. Na, P and Mn contents in litter varied among species and plant parts. P concentration in culms of P. communis remained at about 60% of initial concentration throughout the study, but the remaining P content in culms of Z. latifolia was only 10% of the original value at the end of the study period. The Mn concentration in blades of P. communis increased about 15-fold relative to the initial content by the end of experiment.