• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.77-102
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• 2007

This paper compares income and consumption for their relative effectiveness in measuring inequality. Although income inequality has received more attention in the literature, the permanent income hypothesis links consumption to welfare more directly than income. To the extent economic agents smooth their consumptions, consumption inequality is a better indicator for an economy's welfare inequality, and it is especially so when income volatility is high. The empirical analysis in this paper indicates that the income and consumption patterns among the Korean wage/salary worker households are quite consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. Further, it is found that consumption inequality tends to be lower than income inequality, and more importantly, that the two inequalities do not always vary in the same direction. These results call for stronger emphasis on consumption inequality in inequality literature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to provide workplaces with political guidelines that apply international CMRs (Carcinogens, Mutagens, Reproductive toxins) information to Public Notice of TLVs (Threshold Limit Values). We analyzed information supply status about CMRs of international agencies and compared substances for which TLVs are set in KMoEL (Ministry of Employment and Labor in Korea). Methods: We referred to the reliable literature about classification criteria of CMRs corresponding to UN GHS (Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labeling of chemicals) and Public Notice No. 2009-68 'Standard for Classification, Labeling of Chemical Substance and Material Safety Data Sheet' in KMoEL. The classification system of CMRs in professional organizations (IARC, NTP, ACGIH, EU ECHA, KMoEL, etc.) was investigated through the internet and literature. Conclusions: 191 chemical substances among total 650 substances with TLVs are classified as carcinogens. Also, 43 substances classified as mutagens, and 44 as reproductive toxicants. These results suggest that the information of CMRs in Public Notice of TLV will be reorganized to 191 carcinogens, 43 mutagens, and 44 reproductive toxicants.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.536-542
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• 2022

Cost overruns, schedule delays, and a shortage of skilled labor are common problems the construction industry is currently experiencing. Modularization and standardization strategies have the potential to resolve the various problems mentioned above and have been applied for various construction applications for a long time. However, the level of modularization remains low, and modular construction projects have not been getting the full benefits. Thus, this review investigated the cutting-edge technologies currently being utilized to develop the modular construction field. For this paper, qualified research papers were identified using predetermined keywords from previous related research papers. Identified literature was then filtered and analyzed. According to the included reviews, several technologies are being developed for modular construction. For example, automated design and monitoring systems for modularization were developed. In addition, research labs are utilizing robotic arms for modular construction to achieve a high level of completion in the construction industry, as is seen in the manufacturing industry. Despite these efforts, more research and development are necessary because some automation technologies still require manual activities. Thus, there is great potential for further development of modularization techniques, and further research is recommended to achieve high levels of modularization.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1085-1101
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• 2012

This study, guided by Engeström's (1999, 2001) activity theory which owes its theoretical lineage to sociocultural theory, explores how roles (peer feedback givers and receivers) and tasks are distributed among EFL students who engage in peer response. More specifically, as an extension of previous research of focusing on "stances" ESL students adopt, I investigate whether different roles in peer response groups make a difference in the nature of peer response and identify what underlays the different roles in peer group interaction. In addition, I examine whether different roles to the peer response create tensions and contradictions in peer response and how these created conflicts lead to changes in peer response activity system. The data I wish to consider is first-person narratives elicited from two EFL college students. I use Won's and Choi's (both pseudonyms) stories as a heuristic, which is a method that allowing one to proceed fruitfully in finding information. Foregrounded in this study are the students' different roles in the same peer response activity. A division of labor exists between Won/Choi and their peers - the way tasks are divided up and the way roles are structured. Yet Won and Choi adopted rather divergent roles when participating in peer response activity and carried out qualitatively different peer response activities. It is obvious here that the distribution of their roles in carrying out this particular peer response is shaped by Won' and Choi's perception about the validity of their peers' responses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2011

Over the past 20 years, Researchers have tried to develop "Integration Model of Cost and Schedule" in construction industry. They suggested various models and techniques, however, it is still required to develop new methodology for AL Form Work in Public Multi-Housing Projects. Accordingly, this research focused on measuring quantity take-offs of on-going projects and analysing the basic process of using the resources(Labor, Material, Plant) related to cost and time data. There are 3 steps of this research : 1) The literature review of previous studies about Integration Model of Cost and Schedule was conducted. 2) Model for integration between cost and schedule was developed. 3) the accuracy of developed model was verified. The results are expected to improve in integrated managing the cost and schedule data of AL form work.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 1995

This study sets a purpose to realize what top managements in companies think as critical success factors of QM, using CSF(Critical Success Factors) method. The methodology of this study consists of literature research and empirical analysis using data collected from interviewing and questionnaire. Medium and small sized manufacturing companies are the subject of this study. Following CSFs of QM are found. (1)Management philosophy of attaching great importance to customer and customer satisfaction. (2)Creation of atmosphere that attach great importance to technology. (3)Philosophy of honesty and faithfulness. (4)Positive thinking and creation of atmosphere that help with each other. (5)Rearmament of entrepreneur spirit. (6)Need on recognition of partnership between labor and management. (7)Participation and will of top management. (8)Principle of Participation of entire members. (9)Harmony of innovation and continuous improvement. (10)Establishment of overall quality-related system. A Recognition of need on ISO-9000 series.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.161-171
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• 2018

Objectives : As the management philosophy of hospital social responsibility is diversified, we systematically reviewed the literature to apply ISO 26000 to the monitoring of social responsibility activities in accordance with social needs and changes. Methods : PubMed Database, NDSL and RISS were searched for articles related to CSR based on ISO 26000. The articles were classified according to aims, methods and results. Results : There is a lack of research and development of the CSR tools of hospitals, including human rights, labor practices, and consumer issues, which are parts of the seven key topics of ISO 26000. Conclusions : Based on ISO 26000 as an international standard for social responsibility activities, it is necessary to develop a measurement tool for social responsibility activities that reflects legal and institutional situations of Korean hospitals.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

The purpose of this research is to strengthen rural community empowerment by creating a tourism farm as a plan to reduce relative poverty and to improve the quality of life by creating jobs and increasing the income of local residents in underdeveloped countries. To do so, literature review, stakeholder interviews, on-site investigations, focus-group interviews, a project meeting for residents and a questionnaire survey were performed and analyzed and the results were as follows. First, Uganda has the potential to increase agricultural production based on its warm climate, fertile land and abundant natural resources. The quality of life of local residents is expected to be improved by realizing high-added values through the convergence of the conventional existing agricultural industry and other industries if the agricultural technology is properly transferred based on abundant labor force and low labor expenses. Opportunities for the success of the project can be spread to other rural villages across the country. Second, since local residents are now cultivating sugar cane, cassava, matoke, banana, coffee and so on as a farm owner, tourism agriculture with high-added values can be promoted by vitalizing communities based on farming technology to be transferred and a cooperative farm. It is also necessary to implement a rural community empowerment project to do so. Third, the university that is the cooperative partner of the project is positively considering to train experts by establishing a community development department, and, if necessary, a technical training center to educate the general public, which is expected to create synergic effects through the convergence of education, agriculture and tourism.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to categorize agriculture, to analyze perception of sustainable agriculture and to suggest the directions for improving farming practices in Korea. This study was conducted by review of literature and mail survey. The data was collected from 225 purposively sampled agricultural students by questionnaire. Major findings of the study were as follows; 1) According to the respondents, sustainable agriculture may bring positive effects on the betterment of land conservation, water management and animal protection. 2) The respondents expected that the sustainable agricultural practices may diminish the use of agricultural chemicals and increase safe agricultural products. 3) Sustainable agriculture needs more labor power, however, the number of small and middle-size farms in Korea would not be increased. 4) Even though the price of sustainable agriculture products increases, the respondents expected that rural economic condition would not be much improved because of sustainable agriculture. 5) Agricultural students responded that number of farmers in sustainable agriculture would be increased in the future.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.933-943
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of changes in child care technology on mother-child contact by using all sorts of literature such as diaries, documents or statistical data. Child care technologies began to change during the 1960's. Diverse goods and services such as baby dry milk, paper diapers and child care centers have made child care easier and saved a great deal of time. This has also allowed women to participate in labor markets easily despite rearing children. But maternal contact with children have declined due to new goods and services and this trend is especially prevalent in early childhood. It could be supported that the convenience of rearing rather than the needs of children like as attachment to maternity primarily was considered in technological change. From this results it was suggested that we should develop the alternative child care technologies which better reflect children's needs.