• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2000

Peroxidative stimuli mediated by high polyunsaturated fatty acid administration in rats induced in vivo lipid peroxidation and resulted in increased urinary excretion of a number of lipophilic aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds. These secondary lipid peroxiation products, measured as 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine deritives, were detected and identified by the newly developed HPLC method. The identified urinary lipophilic nonpolar aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds were butanal, butan-2-one, pentan-2-one, hexanal, hex-2-enal, hepta-2, 4-dienal, hept-2-enal, octanal, and oct-2-enal. Lipophilic polar aldehydes such as 4-hydroxyhex-2-enal and 4-hydroxyoct-2-enal were also identified. A polyunsaturated fatty acid diet containing n-3 fatty acids generally caused high levels of urinary excretion of lipophilic aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds in rats than a normal diet. Significantly increased secondary lipid peroxidation products were hexanal, hepta-2, 4-dienal, octanal, 4-hydroxyhex-2-exal, 4-hydroxyoct-2-enal, and a number of unidentified compunds.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2006

Methods have been developed to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of foods and plasma but limitations are associated with their ability to determine precisely the contribution of lipophilic antioxidants in a lipid milieu as well as interactions among them Thus, we modified the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay to determine the peroxyradical scavenging ability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments in plasma The hydrophilic ORAC assay was performed in a phosphate buffer system utilizing 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as a peroxyradical generator and fluorescein as the target The lipophilic ORAC assay was carried out in a dimethylsulfoxide :butyronitrile (DMSO/BN, 9:1 v/v) system using 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) as a peroxyradical generator and BODIPY C11 581/591 as the target Analyses were conducted in bovine serum supplemented with water - and lipid - soluble antioxidants and in human plasma. Albumin (0.5$\sim$5 g/dL) and uric acid (0.1$\sim$0.5 $\mu$mol/L) increased hydrophilic ORAC values in a dose-dependent fashion ($R^{2}$=0.97 and 0.98, respectively) but had no impact on lipophilic ORAC values. $\alpha$-Tocopherol (15$\sim$200 $\mu$mol/L) increased lipophilic ORAC values in a dose-dependent fashion ($R^{2}$=0.94); neither $\alpha$-tocopherol nor $\beta$-carotene had an impact on hydrophilic ORAC values. However, addition of $\beta$-carotene at physiological concentration (0.23$\sim$1.86 $\mu$mol/L), either alone or in combination with other carotenoids, had no significant impact on lipophilic ORAC values. Thus, while assays of 'total antioxidant capacity' in biological matrices would be a useful research and clinical tool, existing methods are limited by the lack of complete responsiveness to the full range of dietary antioxidants.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2021

Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable medicinal and edible mushrooms. In this study, chemical profiles of aromas and lipophilic extracts of black morel (Morchella importuna) grown in China were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, along with the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for the lipophilic extracts. Sixty-five compounds in total were identified from the aromas, and 1-octen-3-ol was the main component for aromas of fresh (34.40%) and freeze-dried (68.61%) black morels, while the most abundant compound for the aroma of the oven-dried sample was 2(5H)-furanone (13.95%). From the lipophilic extracts, 29 compounds were identified with linoleic acid as the main compound for fresh (77.37%) and freeze-dried (56.46%) black morels and steroids (92.41%) as the main constituent for an oven-dried sample. All three lipophilic extracts showed moderate antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) with the IC50 values ranging 7.56~17.52 mg/mL and 5.75~9.73 mg/mL, respectively, and no obvious antimicrobial activity was observed for lipophilic extracts. The drying methods affect the chemical profile of black morel, and freeze-drying was favorable for retaining nutrients and morel smell. This is the first report on the aroma and lipophilic extracts of M. importuna grown in China.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 2024

Swietenia mahagoni is one of the commercial timbers in Indonesia. Mahogany heartwood is an important characteristic as it relates to the natural durability and aesthetics of the wood. Lipophilic extractives are known to be involved in the heartwood formation process. Therefore, this study aims to determine the lipophilic compounds associated with heartwood formation. The n-hexane extract from sapwood and heartwood samples (1 to 5 years) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the content of n-hexane extract ranged from 0.76% to 2.45% based on dry wood. The main group of compounds identified in the lipophilic fraction consisted of sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campasterol, and cyclolaudenol), fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid), and hydrocarbons (pentadecane, 1-octadecane, hexadecane, cyclotetracosane, cycloeicosane, and cyclooctacosane) after heartwood formation. In addition, the hydrocarbon fraction was the largest, followed by sterols, fatty acids, and 1-heneicosanol. In the radial variation, the distribution of fatty acids was greater in the sapwood than in the heartwood (4-year-old). However, the reverse pattern was found at the age of 5 years. The lipophilic fraction was generally more abundant in the heartwood compared to the sapwood, especially at 5 years of age, with much higher levels than when the heartwood was forming (4 years). These findings show that when the heartwood formation begins, the lipid composition was not fully metabolized at the beginning of heartwood formation compared to 5-year-old trees.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 1999

Several nucleoside 5'-monophosphate analogues and lipophilic nucleoside 5'-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)monophosphate analogues were synthesized. Antitumor activities of the synthesized nucleoside malogues against P338 mouse leukemia, FM3A murine mammary carcinoma, and U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cells were determined by MTT assay. Antitumor activities of the lipophilic uridine 5'-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl) monophosphate(7) and 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-thymidine-5'-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl) monophosphate(8) were stronger than those of uridine 5'-monophosphate(1) and 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate(4). This preliminary experimental result suggests that nucleoside 5'-(3-pyridinylcar-bonyl)monophosphate analogues may be new prodrugs to overcome the clinical limit.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.736-741
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• 2000

The abilities of petroleum ether-extracts prepared from 75 plants to inhibit tyrosinase activity were evaluated in reverse micelles composed of isooctane/AOT(100 mM)/phosphate buffer(20 mM, pH 8.0) containing tyrosinase(105.3 units/mL) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(0.18 mM). Compared with control which has no plant extracts, garlic could completely inhibit in vitro melanogenesis by tyrosinase, and Chinese quince, sweet potato, onion, radish bud and apple did more than 60%. Lipophilic extracts of medicinal plants and herbs such as rosemary, coriander, cinnamomi ramulus, crataegii fructus, ramulus biotae folium, mume fructus, menthae herba, eucommiae cortex and clove also inhibited tyrosinase activity more than 60%. When the extraction yield of lipophilic materials was considered together with their inhibition effect on tyrosinase, it was possible to select plants of which tyrosinase inhibitors could be produced in high quantity from unit weight. Using reverse micelles, the analysis of the capacity of lipophilic materials to inhibit tyrosinase activity which was difficult up to present could be possible.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.863-866
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• 2001

Antioxidative activites and anti skin aging effects of radish(Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) extracts were studied. The DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazal) inhibitory effects and CAT(Catalase) activities of hydrophilic radish extracts(DPPH 81.0%, CAT 175units/mg) were significantly higher than lipophilic radish extracts(DPPH 50.0%, CAT 45unitg/mg). But, SOD(superoxide dismutase) activities of hydrophilic radish extracts(SOD 81.3%) were lower than lipophilic radish extracts(SOD 92.3%) In the Bovine Achilles Tendon collagen treated with hydrophilic radish extracts and lipophilic radish extracts, the pyridinoline concentration of collagen were decreased, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 1996

Solid lipid nanoparticles(SLN) are particulate systems for parenteral drug administration and suitable for controlled release. SLN were prepared by homogenization process. Dispersion at increased temperature (molten lipid) was performed to yield SLN loaded with lipophilic drugs. Tetracaine base, lidocaine base, prednisolone, methyltestosterone and ethinylestradiol were used as model drugs to access the loading capacity and to study the release behavior. To investigate production parameters(lipids, surfactant concentration, homogenizing rpm) in the formation of SLN, particle size was performed by laser diffraction analysis. The mean particle size of SLN with stearic acid or trilaurin was below 1 micron. By decreasing the particle size and increasing the surfactant concentration, the release rate was increased especially in the case of highly lipophilic drug loaded SLN. Methyltestosterone or ethinylestradiol loaded SLN showed a distinctly prolonged release over a few days.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1077-1083
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• 1999

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrophilic, lipophilic antioxidants and emulsifiers by HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balance) in different oil systems. Lipophilic antioxidant (${\delta}-tocopherol$), hydrophilic antioxidant (gallic acid) and emulsifier(lecithin, tween 20, span 60) were evaluated in relation to oil stability in bulk oil system (soybean oil) and emulsified with Tween 80 at $60^{\circ}C$. In the storage test ($60^{\circ}C$), gallic acid was more effective on the stability of oil oxidation than ${\delta}-tocopherol$ in bulk and emulsion system. Lecithin as a hydrophilic emulsifier was more effective than tween 20 on the stability of oil oxidation in bulk and emulsion system. Also span 60, a lipophilic emulsifier, was more effective than tween 20, a hydrophilic emulsifier, in bulk and emulsion systems.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

In the paper, lipophilic derivatives of $\beta$-sitosterol, which are known to have a potential to reduce blood cholesterol level, were synthesized by the esterification of $\beta$-sitosterol and fatty acids. When the esterification reactions using stearic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid as fatty acids were carried out in the presence of an acidic catalyst, the reaction for unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid afforded a significant amount of side products which may be produced by oxidation of unsaturated groups. On the other hand, esterification reactions in the presence of dehydrating agents and a basic catalyst gave pure products regardless of the nature of fatty acids. The solubilities of lipophilic derivatives of $\beta$-sitostero to organic solvents and edible oil were observed to increase as the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids increases.