• 생약학회지
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• 제33권4호통권131호
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• pp.312-318
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• 2002

Effect of the acid hydrolysate of silk fibroin on obesity was investigated in obese(057BL/KsJ-db/db) mice. After 8 weeks feeding of 1%(w/w) or 3%(w/w) fibroin hydrolysate, the extents of reduction in body weight were significantly higher than that of obese control. The weight reduction in female mice was higher than that in male mice. Plasma leptin in male mice increased up to 1.8-fold higher level than obese control by feeding hydrolysate. In case of female mice, however, it rather decreased with increased feeding concentration of hydrolysate. From the results of high glycine and serine contents of peptide fractions contained in fibroin hydrolysate, it was inferred that fibroin peptides might affect xylosyltransferase(XT) activity on chondroitin sulfate synthesis causing to change susceptibility of adipocytes to hormones such as insulin followed by the reduced leptin synthesis in female mice. The result of the higher lipolysis in hydrolysate-fed group than obese control indicated that the reduction in body weight was due to the increased lipolytic activities in male and female mice in common.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.238-249
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• 1994

The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of baicalin on the differentiation of preadipocytes, 3T3-L1, and to characterize the action of baicalin that affect the responses of 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation. In various culture conditions, effects of baicalin and adrenoreceptor agonists such as phenylephrine(PE) and isoproterenol(IPR) on cell differentiation were examined. Also, effects of the drugs on differentiation, triglyceride(TG) contents, expression of insulin receptor, cAMP contents, the cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ levels, and amount of calmodulin(CaM) were examined. The results suggest that baicalin has adrenergic receptor blocking activity during the process of differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and that in the early stage of the adipose conversion, the effect of baicalin on the adipocyte differentiation is mediated by the regulation of insulin receptor expression, but by alterations of the cAMP and the calcium metabolism in the late stage. These results also suggest that the action of baicalin may be significant in the lipid metabolism, lipogenic and lipolytic pathways, of adipose cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1390-1395
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• 2022

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. Cutibacterium acnes is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that C. acnes secretes a lipolytic enzyme to break down lipids in sebum, and free fatty acids produced at this time accelerate the inflammatory reaction. There are several drugs used to treat acne; however, each one has various side effects. According to previous studies, sulforaphene (SFEN) has several functions associated with lipid metabolism, brain function, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the effects of SFEN on bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokine production induced by C. acnes. The results revealed that SFEN reduced the growth of C. acnes and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in C. acnes-treated HaCaT keratinocytes through inhibiting NF-κB-related pathways. In addition, SFEN regulated the expression level of IL-1α, a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in co-cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 monocytes induced by C. acnes. In conclusion, SFEN showed antibacterial activity against C. acnes and controlled the inflammatory response on keratinocytes and monocytes. This finding means that SFEN has potential as both a cosmetic material for acne prevention and a pharmaceutical material for acne treatment.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.383-391
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• 1994

한국 홍삼과 백삼의 조산성 다당체 성분과 수용성 추출물, 그리고 ginsenoside 성분이 암독소 호르몬-L에 의해 유도된 지방 분해를 저해하는 효과를 검토하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 지방분해 및 식욕억제 인자로 알려진 암독소 호르몬-L은 saroma-180을 접종한 mouse의 복수액으로부터 부분정제하여 사용하였다. 한국 홍삼과 백삼으로부터 정ㅇ제하여 얻은 조산성 다당체 각 분획의 성분은 10$\mu$g/ml 농도 이상에서 암독소 호르몬-L이 유도하는 지방 분해에 억제효과가 있었고, 이들 중 PG1과 PG4에서 지방 분해 저해 활성이 가장 높았으며, 이를 더 정제한 결과 PG4-3분획에서 활성이 가장 높았다. 고려인삼 중 백삼과 홍삼의 각 4, 5, 6 년근별로 얻은 수용성 추출물의 암독소 호르몬-L의 지방분해 억제에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 억제율은 1,000$\mu$g/ml 농도에서 백삼 4, 5 및 6년근이 각각 56.3, 59.7 및 59.4% 였고, 홍삼은 각각 78.6, 79.1 및 82.5%로 백삼보다 홍삼의 억제율이 높았다. 인삼 시료 g당 총저해활성은 백삼의 경우 100$\mu$g/ml 농도에서는 4년근이, 1,000$\mu$g/ml 농도에서는 5년근에서 가장 높았으나, 홍삼의 경우 다같이 6년근에서 가장 높았다. 또한 ginsonoside 성분의 경우 지방 분해 억제율과 총저해활성이 모두 RB2에서 가장 높았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1203-1210
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• 2011

Function-driven metagenomic analysis is a powerful approach to screening for novel biocatalysts. In this study, we investigated lipolytic enzymes selected from an alluvial soil metagenomic library, and identified two novel esterases, EstDL26 and EstDL136. EstDL26 and EstDL136 reactivated chloramphenicol from its acetyl derivates by counteracting the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in Escherichia coli. These two enzymes showed only 27% identity in amino acid sequence to each other; however both preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain p-nitrophenyl esters (${\leq}C_5$) and showed mesophilic properties. In vitro, EstDL136 catalyzed the deacetylation of 1- and 3-acetyl and 1,3-diacetyl derivates; in contrast, EstDL26 was not capable of the deacetylation at $C_1$, indicating a potential regioselectivity. EstDL26 and EstDL136 were similar to microbial hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and since chloramphenicol acetate esterase (CAE) activity was detected from two other soil esterases in the HSL family, this suggests a distribution of CAE among the soil microorganisms. The isolation and characterization of EstDL26 and EstDL136 in this study may be helpful in understanding the diversity of CAE enzymes and their potential role in releasing active chloramphenicol in the producing bacteria.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several medicinal properties of Smilax china L. have been studied including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the antiobesity activity and mechanism by which the water-soluble fraction of this plant mediates its effects are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the lipolytic actions of the water-soluble fraction of Smilax china L. leaf ethanol extract (wsSCLE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The wsSCLE was identified by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. The wsSCLE was evaluated for its effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, glycerol, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents. In addition, western blot analysis was used to evaluate the effects on protein kinase A (PKA), PKA substrates (PKAs), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). For the lipid accumulation assay, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of wsSCLE for 9 days starting 2 days post-confluence. In other cell experiments, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with wsSCLE. RESULTS: Results showed that treatment with wsSCLE at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/mL had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, wsSCLE treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocyte controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. The wsSCLE significantly induced glycerol release and cAMP production in mature 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, protein levels of phosphorylated PKA, PKAs, and HSL significantly increased following wsSCLE treatment. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the potential antiobesity activity of wsSCLE is at least in part due to the stimulation of cAMP-PKA-HSL signaling. In addition, the wsSCLE-stimulated lipolysis induced by the signaling is mediated via activation of the ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1484-1489
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• 2014

A novel esterase gene, est01, was successfully unearthed from a biogas digester microbiota metagenomic library. The 1,194 bp est01 gene encodes a protein of 44,804 Da (designated Est01). The amino acid sequence of Est01 shows only moderate (33%) identity to a lipase/esterase. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical characterization confirmed that Est01 is a new member of family VIII esterases. The purified Est01 from recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed high hydrolytic activity against short-chain fatty acid esters, suggesting that it is a typical carboxylesterase rather than a lipase. Furthermore, the Est01 was even active at $10^{\circ}C$ (43% activity remained), with the optimal temperature at $20^{\circ}C$, and had a broad pH range from 5.0 to 10.0, with the optimal pH of 8.0. These properties suggest that Est01 is a cold-adaptive esterase and could have good potential for low-temperature hydrolysis application.

• 생약학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.216-220
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• 2010

Obesity is an important risk factor that significantly increases mortality and disease rates in the cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various diseases. So far, the most powerful way to inhibit fat absorption is pancreatic lipase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of the extract of Juniperus rigida. Juniperus rigida extract (JRE) had a inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity ($IC_{50}$=8.63 ${\mu}g$/ml). In in vivo oil-emulsion loading test, this extract also inhibited the intestinal fat absorption. In addition, we measured inhibitory effects of JRE on activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) among the important enzymes associated with lipolysis. JRE strongly inhibited PDE activity ($IC_{50}$=4.56 ${\mu}g$/ml), whereas inhibitory effect on HSL activity was very weak compared with orlistat. As a result, JRE inhibited the absorption of fat by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase and induced lipolysis through inhibition of PDE activity. Therefore, we suggest that Juniperus rigida may be a potential therapeutic agent improving obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

The effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level, and potential interactions of these two factors were investigated in term of energy metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper${\times}$Small-tail Han sheep, male, mean initial body weight = 22.96 kg${\pm}$2.60 kg) were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ${\mu}g$/kg, 400 $\mu{g}$/kg or 800 ${\mu}g$/kg from chromium yeast) and protein levels (low protein: 157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, or high protein: 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding trial. The lambs were then sacrificed and tissue samples were frozen for further analysis. Chromium at 400 ${\mu}g$/kg decreased fasting insulin level and the ratio of plasma insulin to glucagon, but these differences were not statistically significant; in contrast, chromium at 800 ${\mu}g$/kg increased the ratio significantly (p<0.05). Protein at the high level increased plasma tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) level (p = 0.060). Liver glycogen content was increased significantly by Cr (p<0.05), which also increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity. At 400 ${\mu}g$/kg, Cr increased muscle hexokinase (HK) activity. High protein significantly increased G-6-Pase activities in both the liver (p<0.05) and the kidney (p<0.05), but significantly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.05). For HSL activity in adipose tissue, a Cr${\times}$CP interaction (p<0.05) was observed. Overall, Cr improved energy metabolism, primarily by promoting the glycolytic rate and lipolytic processes, and these regulations were implemented mainly through the modulation by Cr of the insulin signal transduction system. High protein improved gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney. The interaction of Cr${\times}$CP indicated that 400 $\mu{g}$/kg Cr could reduce energy consumption in situations where energy was being conserved, but could improve energy utilization when metabolic rate was increased.