• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

Purpose: This study examined the effects of foot-reflexology massage on body weight, lower extremity edema, and serum lipids in postpartum women. Method: This study was a nonequivalent control-group pretest-posttest design. Postpartum women were assigned to the experimental group (n=16) or a control group (n=15). Foot reflexology massage was applied 5 times a week, for a total of 2 weeks to the experimental group. The tool for measuring lower extremity edema was the girth of the thigh, and the calf. The measuring tool for serum lipids was total cholesterol and TG in blood serum by clinical process. Data was analyzed by $x^2$-test, t-test, and paired t-test, ANOVA using SPSS/Win PC 14.0. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in levels of TG in blood serum in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Foot reflexology massage is a useful nursing intervention that decreases serum lipids level in postpartum women. Therefore foot reflexology massage is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for serum lipids reduction in postpartum women.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate daily nutrient intakes, serum minerals and lipids in university students majoring in physical education. Anthropometric measurement, dietary survey, and blood analysis were conducted and compared between physical education major (PM) and other major (OM) students. Average age was 21.3 years for PM students and 20.8 years for OM students. Body weight and BMI of PM students were significantly higher than those of OM students (p<0.05). Systolic blood pressure of PM students was significantly lower than that of OM students (p<0.05). Daily energy intake was 2,047.4 kcal for PM students and 2,393.9 kcal for OM students, indicating a significant difference. Carbohydrate and vitamin B1 intakes of PM students were significantly lower than those of OM students. Serum calcium was significantly higher in PM students while serum phosphorus and magnesium levels were higher in OM students. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in PM students while HDL-cholesterol was lower in OM students. In conclusion, university students who major in physical education showed higher serum calcium, lower serum phosphorus and magnesium, and lower systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels than other major students. These results show that physical activity as a major course of study is associated with decreased blood pressure and blood lipids as well as altered serum mineral levels.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to measure serum lipids concentrations by gender and age, and to investigated the relation of serum lipids levels to cigarette smoking alcohol intake exercise and menopausal status in Korean adults. The subjects consisted of 463 healthy adult(29- men and 173 women) volunteers who were visiting the health Promotion Center in the Asan Medical Center from July 1, 1994 to July 22, 1994 Subjects were ambulatory free-living people and aged 20- 80 years, Anthropometric measurement was performed and serum triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol(TChol) concentrations were measure by automatic system(Hitachi 736-40). Data on life styles were obtained using structured questionnaires issued by a trained interviewer, All data were statistically analyzed by PC-SAS(Version 6.04) Serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol was higher(p<0.05) in men than in women, and serum HDL-cholesterol was lower(p<0.05) in men than in women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia(TG>170 mg/dL and TChol>220 mg /dL) was 12.5% in men and 4.1% in women. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and BMI increased with age in women. The distribution curves of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of women were located in lower increased more rapidly with aging than in men, The distribution curves of BMI of women increased with aging after the thirties, The BMI of women was located in higher levels than of men in their sixties. The serum concentration of triglyceride and total cholesterol of male current-smokers and non- smokers were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of ex-smokers. The concentrations triglyceride the male current0drinkers were higher(p<0.05) than those of male non-drinkers. In non-smokers and non- drinkers, serum TG concentration were lower (p<0.05) than those of current-smokers and current-drinkers. In exercisers, the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly(p<0.05) lower than in non- exercisers. In postmenopausal woman BMI and serum concentrations of TChol, TG and LDL-Chol were significantly by age and gender and smoking alcohol drinking, exercise and menopausal staus might be a better indicator to predict serum lipids in both genders.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among urn leptin, nutritional status, and urn lipids, glucose of 99 middle school girls residing in Kyluggi-do, Korea. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups such as underweight(BMI < 20, n=38), normal(20$\leq$BMI<25, n=36) and over weight(BMI$\geq$25, n=25) groups. The nutritional status of the subjects was evaluated by anthropometric measurements, questionnaires, 24-hr dietary recalls and blood anal),sis. The results were as follows : The mean age, body weight, height and BMI were 13.93 years, 55.19kg, 158.40cm and 21.96kg/㎡ respectively. The mean menarche age of the subjects was 12.64 years and the mean daily energy intake was 94.22% off RDA for Koreans. The energy ratio from carbohydrate fat and protein was 63: 24: 13. Underweight group showed the lowest intakes of oils and fats among three groups(p<0.05). The mean serum levels of leptin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were 10.57ng/ml 78.80mg/dl, 12.29mg/dl, 48.07mg/dl, 93.50mg/dl and 78.61mg/d1, respectively. The mean atherogenic index was 2.37. There were significant increases in serum leptin, glucose, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index of subjects with increases in their BMIs. Serum leptin showed a significantly positive correlation with BMI(p<0.001), body fat percent(p<0.001). When BMI was adjused, serum leptin showed a significantly positive partial correlations with intakes of animal protein(p<0.05), milks and animal foods(p<0.05), Serum leptin showed a significantly positive correlation with serum glucose(p<0.05) total cholesterol(p<0.01), LDL-cholesterol(p<0.001), triglyceride(p<0.001) and atherogenic index(p<0.001), however, it had significantly negative correlations with HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05). Therefore, these results suggest that the increase of serum levels of leptin may elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and lipids and some nutrient intakes may be related with serum leptin levels. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 49-58, 2000)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.257-264
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the life style and the nutritional status of serum antioxidant vitamins and lipids in university male and female students. 48 male and 49 female students attending Andong university, aged between 18 and 25 years, were selected. Questions about the life styles including dietary intakes, food habits, smoking, drinking alcohol, exercise, stress were answered. And serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipids were determined. Average serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL C, HDL C, and triglyceride in male and female subjects were 158.6$\pm$32.7, 177.3$\pm$33.8; 86.4$\pm$26.0, 109.0$\pm$31.2; 46.0$\pm$10.7, 49.9$\pm$12.4; 131.2$\pm$22.5, 91.7$\pm$ 38.6mg/dl respectively. Average serum levels of antioxidant vitamin A, E and C in male and female subjects were 42.6$\pm$12.3, 31.4$\pm$9.8 g/dl, 1.11$\pm$0.38, 1.15$\pm$0.29mg/dl and 164.66 $\pm$65.01, 220.06$\pm$80.11 g/dl respectively. There was no significant difference between smoking habits and either serum lipids or antioxidant vitamins level. The serum vitamin C level of drinkers was significantly lower(p=0.038), but serum lipids(total cholesterol, LDL C, and triglyceride) were higher than non alcoholic subjects. The subjects with severe stress had lower in HDL C and higher in atherogenic index than others. This result indicates that oxidative stress may be increased in stressful environment from undesirable life styles and influence the status of serum lipid and antioxidant vitamins.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the intake of Cr, Cu, and Zn, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, and the relationship of these microminerals with serum lipids of healthy college living in the Choongnam area. The nutritional status of the subjects(35 women) was evaluated based on anthropometric measurements, 24-hr dietary recall for 3 days. Three-day meals and fasting blood were collected to analyze Cr, Cu, and Zn. The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 20 years, 158 cm, 55kg and 22.42kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean daily energy intake was 85.9% of RDA for Koreans. The ratio of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 60 : 24 : 16. The mean daily intake of Cr, Cu, and Zn was 60.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, 2.64 mg/day, and 11.35 mg/day, respectively. The mean serum levels of Cr, Cu, and Zn were 143$\mu$g/dl, 81.34$\mu$g/dl, adn 101.54$\mu$g/dl, respectively. The mean serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were 158.56mg/dl, 29.27 mg/dl, 56.00mg/dl, 6.12mg/dl, respectively. In conclusion, the subjects of the present study were healthy and consumed normal levls of dietary Cr, Cu and Zn, which play roles in lipid metabolism. Therefore, serum lipids of the subjects were all in the normal range. There was no significant correlation between dietary microminerals and serum lipids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.324-332
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• 1988

Effects of a change in dietary Ca content and an alteration in dietary lipid type on lipid metabolism have been investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) There was no comparable changes in food consumption and body weight gain among all 9 groups. 2) Serum total lipids and cholesterol were lowest when high Ca-corn all diet was fed, and highest when low Ca-butter diet was fed. 3) The contents of total lipids and cholesterol per g liver and total liver showed no consistent tendency with the dietary treatment. 4) Addition of Ca to the diet caused the significant increase in the dry fecal matter and fecal Ca. And fecal total lipids and fecal cholesterol were much greater if the high-Ca diet was fed than if control and low-Ca diet were fed. It is concluded that Ca and polyunsaturated acids have tendency of hypocholesterolemic effect.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

To examine the effects of pomegranate on cerebral blood flow and obesity, we observed regional cerebral blood flow in normal rats, as well as body weight, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids, serum phospholipids and serum free fatty acid levels in rats fed a high fat diet. The results were as follows. Pomegranate seed extract significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow and the peel extract increased regional the cerebral blood flow in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the pomegranate extracts(seed, peel, juice) decreased body weight, serum total cholesterol, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids, serum phospholipids and serum free fatty acid levels, and increased serum HDL-cholesterol in the rats fed a high fat diet. More specially the seed extract significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum phospholipid levels.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2009

A 10-week feeding trial with four dietary protein levels (22%, 32%, 42% and 52%) and two dietary lipid levels (8% and 17%) was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth of long-nosed barbel fingerlings. Survival rate of fish was not affected by either the dietary protein or the dietary lipid level. Weight gain and feed efficiency were affected by the dietary protein level (P<0.01), but not by the lipid level, and increased with the dietary protein level at the both lipid levels. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the 52% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids were not significantly different from those of fish fed the 42% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids and 32% protein diet with 17% dietary lipid. Daily feed intake of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention rate of fish fed the 32% protein diet with 17% dietary lipid were significantly higher than those of fish fed the 52% protein diets with 8-17% dietary lipids. Moisture content of fish fed the diets containing 8% lipid were higher than those of fish fed the diets containing 17% dietary lipid at each protein level. Crude lipid content of fish fed the diets containing 17% dietary lipid were higher than that of fish the fed the diet containing 8% dietary lipid at each protein level. The results of this study indicated that 32% protein and 17% lipid could be the optimum dietary level for growth of juvenile long-nosed barbel.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.491-498
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• 1999

Objectives : To determine the relations between seven blood lipids such as total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol(HDL), LDL-cholesterol(LDL), apolipoprotein A-1(Apo A1), apolipoprotein B(Apo B) and lipoprotein(a)(Lp(A)) and the coronary heart diseases(CHD), the quantitative techniques of meta-analysis were applied to studios of blood lipids and CHD in Koreans. Methods : We searched the Korean and the English literature published from 1980 to August, 1997 by manual search and bibliography review. Information on sample size, study design, participant characteristics(gender, age) and blood lipid levels were abstracted by reviewers using inclusion criteria. Estimates of the effect sizes of blood lipid levels on CHD in Koreans and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effect models. Results : We identified 16 case-control studies to apply meta-analysis. The overall effect sizes for CHD were 20.3(95% CI: 14.23-20.22) in TC, 24.8(95% CI: 12.6-36.86) in TG, 15.16(95% CI: 3.99-26.33) in LDL, -3.48(95% CI: -5.79 - -1.17) in HDL, -9.78(95% CI: -16.98 - -2.58) in Apo-a1, 17.88(95% CI: 9.72-26.05) in Apo B and 18.95(95% CI: 17.88-20.02) in Lp(a). Conclusions : Our results suggested that seven blood lipids were significantly associated with CHD in Koreans. Well-designed and prospective studies between blood lipids and CMD in Koreans should be peformed.