• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.721-732
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• 2008

Pressed ham was manufactured to investigate the effects of grape seed oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham. Five treatments were divided based on differences in the amount of grape seed oil added into the pressed ham. For control, 10% of back fat was only added without grape seed oil. For the first treatment, 10% of grape seed oil among the lard component added into the pressed ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 20%, 30% and 40% of grape seed oil was respectively replaced. Pressed ham manufactured using grape seed oil was vacuum packaged and then stored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory properties, TBARS and fatty acid composition. In the 1, 21 and 28 days of storage, shear force value of grape seed oil treatment (T4) was significantly lower than that of control (P<0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and grape seed oil treatment groups. The TBARS value was significantly higher in control than in grape seed oil treatment group(T4) at 28 days of storage (P<0.05). The TBARS of control and grape seed oil treatment groups increased significantly as the storage period increased(P<0.05). The linoleic acid(C18:2) content of grape seed oil treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control(P<0.05). But the contents of C10:0～C20:4 were decreased significantly by grape seed oil additive (P<0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content of control was significantly higher than that of grape seed oil treatment groups(P<0.05). Whereas the increase level of grape seed oil additive resulted in the significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content(P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that the sensory properties and lipid oxidation(TBARS) of manufactured pressed ham were not affected by grape seed oil addition. Also, our results indicate that high-quality pressed ham can be manufactured with strengthen of polyunsaturated fatty acid content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.739-744
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity and to identify the active components of hot-water extract of Paeoniajaponica (PJ), which was a main ingredient of a herb mixture preparation recently established as a potent candidate of radioprotector in our laboratory. The water extract was fractionated with CHCl$_3$, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The extract and its fractions showed very low activity in hydroxyl radical scavenging test. In lipid peroxidation test, the extract, EtOAc and water fractions showed moderate inhibition with the ratio above 50%. In DPPH radical scavenging test, the extract, EtOAc and water fraction showed high activity with the ratio above 80%, especially. EtOAc fraction scavenged the radicals as much as synthetic antioxidant (BHA), even at low concentration. It is suggested that mai or partition for antioxidative activity of Paeonia japonica was EtOAc fraction. Subsequently, two active compounds (PJE021-1 and JE024-1) from EtOAc fraction were isolated by using MCI gel and silica gel column chromatography The two compounds inhibited remarkedly the $H_2O$$_2$-induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). PJE021-1 protected the cells to almost negative control level, dose-dependently. PJE024-1 exhibited a potent inhibition with the ratio of 71% at even low concentration (0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). Finally, their chemical structures were identified as gallic acid (PJE021-1) and (＋)-catechin (PJE024-1), respectively, on the basis of the speculation of spectral and physical data.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1995

This study was performed to obtain the basic data on the serum components of several marine fish species commonly cultured in Korea. Blood samples taken from five species of fish were analyzed for various components of serum, total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), glucose (GLC), sodium (Na). Potassium (K), chloride (Cl), Phosphorus (P), lipase (LIPA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The fish used were coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch), rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) and parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatuss) reared at the Chungmu Experimental Fish Culture Satation of KORDI. TP concentration of warm-water species (2.9-5.1 g/dl) was higher than that of cold-water species, and ALB concentration was ranged at the level of 1.2-1.9 g/dl. Coho salmon showed the highest ration of A/G(1.1), and the other species were about 0.5-0.6. The concentrations of TG and CHOL, components of lipids, varied with the different species. The concentration of TG was high, but CHOL concentration was low in olive flounder, while the reversed results were shown by sea bass. The sum of these two components was the highest with 600mg/d1 in olive flounder, and about 400mg/d1 for sea bass and rock fish, and 300mg/d1 for parrot lish and coho salmon. Concentration ot GLC in coho salmon and rock fish ranged from 61 to 76mg/d1 which were about lour times higher than that of flounder. The highest lipase activity was observed in coho salmon, while it was nearly nil in flounder. The reversed tendency was found for TG concentration. Mineral concentrations of Na, Cl and K were 160-204 mmol/l, 137-183mmo1/1 and 0.5-3.1 mmol/l, respectively, but no significant difference between the species was observed. However, the concentrations of P were high in relatively active species such as coho salmon and rockfish. AST activity in all species examined was higher than that of ALT with being highest in coho salmon. The highest ALT activity was found in olive flounder.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.857-864
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• 2005

Purpose : The objectives of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the indices of insulin sensitivity using fasting glucose and insulin level, and the body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA), and to determine the clinical usefulness of insulin sensitivity indices when obese children were followed up. Methods : In this study, 28 simple obese children and adolescents were included. Anthropometric data including body weight, height, obesity degree(OD), body mass index(BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio were collected and then body fat mass was measured by using BIA and DEXA. For metabolic data, 12 hour fasting serum glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were measured and indices for insulin sensitivity(G/I ratio, $log_{insulin}$, HOMA-IR, $log_{HOMA-IR}$, QUICKI) were calculated. Results : BMI had a higher correlation with insulin sensitivity indices than OD(G/I ratio, -0.463 vs -0.209; $log_{insulin}$, 0.417 vs 0.196; HOMA-IR, 0.301 vs 0.238; $log_{HOMA-IR}$, 0.403 vs 0.198; QUICKI, -0.451 vs -0.224). But OD had a higher correlation with body fat mass measured by BIA and DEXA than BMI(BIA, 0.612 vs 0.316; DEXA, 0.667 vs 0.512). The G/I ratio was correlated with body fat mass in BIA(r=-0.420, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.512, P<0.01), percentage of body fat(percentage of fat) in BIA(r=-0.366, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.449, P<0.01). HOMA-IR was only correlated with body fat mass in DEXA(r=0.341, P<0.05). Conclusion : This study revealed that G/I ratios had a statistically significant correlation with anthropometric obesity indices(OD and BMI) and also had a correlation with both body fat mass and percentage of fat. These results suggest that G/I ratios could be used as useful index when obese children and adolescence are followed up.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.745-752
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• 2005

Purpose : Adolescent obesity is known to be associated with complications such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and insulin resistance. We measured the common carotid artery by ultrasound as a predictor of atherosclerosis, and investigated the relationship between carotid artery parameters and serum cytokines in obese adolescents. Methods : Twenty-nine obese adolescents(16-17 years old, obesity index>130 percent) and twentyseven normal controls were included. Obesity index and body mass index were calculated from their height and weight. Skin fold thickness was measured at the triceps, and fat mass and fat distribution by bioelectrical impedence analysis. Blood pressure was measured at resting state and serum lipid, insulin, and homocysteine levels after a 12-hour fasting period. Intimal wall thickness, systolic and diastolic diameters of the common carotid artery were measured by ultrasound, and compliance and distensibility calculated by equation. Results : Systolic and diastolic diameters of the carotid artery significantly correlated with arm circumference, body mass index, fat distribution and fat mass. The higher systolic blood pressure was, the larger systolic and diastolic diameter. The higher diastolic blood pressure was, the larger carotid intimal thickness. Insulin levels had positive correlations with systolic, diastolic diameters and serum homocysteine level with intimal thickness. Conclusion : The carotid artery diameter significantly increased with the degree of obesity and blood pressure. The carotid intimal wall thickness significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Measurement of carotid artery thickness, insulin and homocysteine levels might be useful to predict the development of coronary artery disease.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.305-312
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• 1997

Juveniles of black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli were fed with the diets containing 0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm of 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine $(T_3)$ respectively to assess the effect of this hormone on skeletal development and the change of physiological conditions for 50 days. $(T_3)$ treatment lasted for initial 40 days. Fish were fed the prescribed diet by hand to satiation in $2\~4$ times per day. After an initial 40 days period, skeletal development and abnormality were examined, and after a 50 days period, food intake, hepatosomatic index (HSI), thyroid cell height (TCH) and body proximate composition were also examined. Although toed intake was not different among 0, 10 and 20 ppm, the food intake of black seabream fed with the diets containing 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$was significantly lower than those of 10 ppm. After the initial 40 days of $T_3$ administration, $T_3$ increased the relative growth of operculum, head, caudal fin and pectoral fin to body length, resulting in severe morphological abnormalities at the highest dose. Black seabream treated with 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$ had abnormal shapes such as lordosis and opercular curl. The HSI parameters were reversely correlation with the dietary concentration of $T_3$. After the initial 40 days of this experiment, atrophy of thyroid gland was observed in fish administered with 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$. On the 50th day of this experiment, atrophy of thyroid gland was observed only in the group administered with 100 ppm of $T_3$, and no difference was observed on TCH among the rest fours of experimental groups. At the end of the experiment the whore body proximate analyses indicated that there were significant effects of $T_3$ level on moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate breakfast consumption pattern in relation to diet quality and health outcomes of Korean adults. Data are from 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary information of 3406 adults aged $30{\sim}49$ years and their socio-demographic characteristics, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements were analyzed. According to the breakfast consumption of the subjects, they were classified to breakfast skippers and eaters and the eaters' breakfast staple types were defined as RICE, BREAD, NOODLES, MIXED (mixed types including several grain-based dishes), and OTHERS. The proportions of breakfast consumption patterns were 18.4% for skippers, 71.1% for RICE, 2.6% for BREAD, 1.6% for NOODLES, 4.0% for MIXED, and 2.4% for OTHERS. Breakfast skippers had lower daily nutrients intake than breakfast eaters but their health outcomes did not differ from those of eaters. Instead, men with BREAD pattern had higher blood cholesterol and women in NOODLE pattern had higher blood glucose and lower HDL cholesterol. The BREAD pattern breakfast had higher energy contribution from fat and lower nutrient densities and the subjects in BREAD pattern had higher level of household income. Men's BREAD pattern breakfast consisted more animal products than that of women. There was high probability of undernutrition among women in NOODLE pattern and their mean household income was the lowest. From these results, in Korea, breakfast staple types have different food patterns and there was need for developing healthy food patterns appropriate to each staple type. The breakfast consumption pattern had influences on nutrient adequacy of the diet and health outcomes and seemed to represent socio-economic status. These could be used in doing nutrition education in community.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.391-401
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• 2008

Probiotics have emerged as a potential treatment modality for numerous gastrointestinal disorders, including IBD. However, few probiotics have undergone appropriate preclinical screening in vivo. Kefir is considered a probiotic, benefiting the host through its effects in the intestinal tract. Despite numerous studies examining the action of probiotics on the host organism, few have analyzed the effects on intestinal environment. We assessed the protective effect of kefir for three weeks before inducing colitis with 2% dextran sodium sulfate for five days. The DSS loads were similar in all DSS treatment group. The results of the experiment are as follows. Food intake and FER of experimental groups were not significantly different each other, but water consumption tended to be higher in all DSS treatment groups as compared with the normal control. And visual inspection of feces revealed mild diarrhea in rat given 2% DSS. The anti-inflammatory activity of kefir was determined by myeloperoxidase activity during the DSS treatment, and there was no significant difference in any group. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as a colonic lipid peroxidation were significantly lower in the kefir intake groups than in rats treated with 2% DSS alone. The DNA % in tail and tail moment values as a DNA damage level of the blood lymphocytes in kefir intake groups tended to be lower than 2% DSS treatment alone, especially tail lengths were significantly diminished. According to the colonic histopathological assay, there were a severe inflammation of lamina propria and submucosa and mild edema in mucosa and sub mucosa in DSS alone treated group. We found a slight regenerative change in kefir treatment groups. In our experiments, this means that ulcerative colitis related to oxidative injury might be prevented by kefir as a probiotic. Further studies of the potential benefits of kefir as a probiotic in inflammatory condition are encouraged.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Spatial variation in the reproductive effort of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is often closely associated with variation in the seawater temperature and food availability, which determines gonad maturity and the quantity of gamates produced during spawning. Previous studies also have reported that severe infection by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni exerts a negative impact on clam reproduction, retarding gonad maturation or decreasing the reproductive effort. In the present study, we investigated impacts of P. olseni infection on the reproductive condition of Manila clam during a spawning season. Histology revealed that 54% of female clams in Wando off the south coast were in spawning, while only 10% of the female from Gomso and 0% of the female from Seonjaedo in Gyeonggi bay off the west coast were engaged in spawning at the end of May in 2004. Ray's fluid thioglycollate media (RFTM) assay was applied to assess P. olseni infection and indicated that the infection intensity in Wando ($3,608,000{\pm}258,000cells/g$ wet tissue) was significantly higher than the levels in Gomso ($1,305,000{\pm}106,000cells/g$ wet tissue) and Seonjaedo ($1,083,000{\pm}137,000cells/g$ wet tissue, p < 0.001). The size of the ripe female follicle determined from histology was significantly smaller in Wando ($0.032mm^2$) compared to the sizes in Gomso ($0.059mm^2$) and Seonjaedo ($0.052mm^2$, p < 0.05). Accordingly, the number of ripe eggs in the follicle was significantly fewer among clams in Wando (14) compared to the numbers determined in Gomso (23) and Seonjaedo (22). The absolute quantity of egg in ripe clams from Wando (31.01 mg) was also significantly smaller than Seonjaedo (61.79 mg) and Gomso (133.3 mg). Quantity of total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in the tissue in the Wando samples was significantly smaller than the quantities determined in Gomso and Seonjaedo (p < 0.001). The observed poor reproductive condition and proximate tissue composition of the females in Wando were, in part, explained by the extremely high level of the parasites, sapping the ability to store energy in the host tissues, which is used in tissue growth and the egg production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2010

This study aims at investigating the health and nutritional status of the adults according to frequency of eating out. One day food intake data were collected by 24 hr recall dietary survey and body size, blood pressure and some blood lipids and other constituents were measured on 137 Daejeon metropolitan citizens 20 yrs old and above who visited Chungnam National University Hospital for physical examination during the period of December 6, to December 15, 2008. The frequency of eating out were categorized into four levels: less than once a week, once a week, 2-3 times a week, 4 times a week and above. Body mass Index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, GPT and GOT did not showed any significant difference according to the frequency of eating out of the subjects. Though, systolic blood pressures and serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a little tendency to be high in the subjects eating out 2-3 times a week. In the contrary, serum triglyceride level tended to be low in the same group. The subjects eating out 4 times a week and over took more total protein, animal protein, animal fat, phosphorus and vitamin $B_2$ than any other group. Also protein energy ratio was the highest in the group eating out 4 times a week and above and they took more animal food group, other food group, beverages teas and alcohols than other groups eating out. These results showed that higher frequency of eating out leads to higher intake of protein, fat, phosphorus, animal food groups and other food groups (oils, beverages, seasonings) and to lower intake of vitamin C and plant food groups. It, thus, suggested that the strategy for restaurant business is required to provide the menu substituted animal food by more plant food.