• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2000

Three sesquiterpene lactones (1, 2 and 5) and two lipid glycerols (3 and 4) were isolated from MeOH extract of Ainsliaea acerifolia (Compositae). Based on spectral data, their chemical structures were determined as estafiatone (1), zaluzanin C (2), 3-O-(9Z, 12Z, 15Z-octadecatrienoyl) glycerol (3), 3-O-(9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoyl) glycerol (4) and glucozaluzanin C (5). Compounds 1, 3 and 4 were previously not reported from Ainsliaea species.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2003

Stem bark of Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae) is one of the well known drugs for its therapeutic values in traditional as well as modern medicine. Even though a lot of work has been carried out on quinoline alkaloids of Cinchona, its phenolic constituents received very little attention. In the present study, we evaluated antioxidant properties of C. officinalis stem bark methanolic extract and water extract containing phenolic compounds (total phenolics 21.37, 5.18% w/w respectively in the two extracts) in different in vitro and ex vivo models viz., antiradical activity by DPPH reduction, superoxide radical scavenging activity in riboflavin/light/NBT system, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in sodium nitroprusside/Greiss reagent system and inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by iron-ADP-ascorbate in liver homogenate and haemolysis of erythrocytes induced by phenylhydrazine in erythrocyte membrane stabilization study. Both the extracts exhibited very good antioxidant activity in all the models tested. The phenolic compounds including tannins present in the stem bark seem to offer protection from the oxidative damage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2010

Luteolin and chicoric acid are the most abundant phytochemicals in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf. In this study, four kinds of extraction methods [hot water, ambient temperature (AT) water, ethanol, and methanol] were applied to analyze the contents of both phytochemicals and verify their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. The methanol extract showed the most potent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effect. The luteolin and chicoric acid concentrations were 3.42 and $12.86\;{\mu}g/g$ dandelion leaf in the methanol extract. The NO-suppressive effect of luteolin and chicoric acid was identified in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of $21.2\;{\mu}M$ and $283.6\;{\mu}M$, respectively, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as an index for free radical injury on cell membrane, was also dose-dependently inhibited by the two compounds. The suppressive effect was further examined using mRNA and protein expression levels, which were attributable to the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These results suggest that two phytochemicals in dandelion leaf, luteolin and chicoric acid, may play an important role in the amelioration of LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.140-149
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• 2002

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed crop known in the world. Sesame seed is known for its high nutritional value and for having oil (51%) and protein (20%) content. The fatty acid composition of sesame oil is palmitic acid (7.8%), stearic acid (3.6%), oleic acid (45.3%), and linoleic acid (37.7%). Sesame oil is characterized by a very high oxidative stability compared with other vegetable oils. Two lignan-type compounds, sesamin and sesamolin, are the major constituents of sesame oil unsaponifiables. Sesamol (a sesamolin derivative) can be present in sesame seeds and oils in very small amount. Other lignans and sesamol are also present in sesame seeds and oils in very small amount as aglycones. Lipid oxidation activity was significantly lower in the sesamolin-fed rats, which suggests that sesamolin and its metabolites contribute to the antioxidative properties of sesame seeds and oil and support that sesame lignans reduce susceptibility to oxidative stress. Sesaminols strongly inhibit lipid peroxidation related to their ability to scavenge free radical. The sesame seed lignan act synergistically with vitamin I in rats fed a low $\alpha$-tocopherol diet and cause a marked increase in a u-tocopherol concentration in the blood and tissue of rats fed an $\alpha$-tocopherol containing diet with sesame seed or its lignan. The authors are reviewed and discussed for present status and prospects of quality evaluation and researched in sesame seeds to provide and refers the condensed informations on their quality.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2012

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginseng may also be potentially valuable in treating cardiovascular diseases. Research concerning cardiovascular disease is focusing on purified individual ginsenoside constituents of ginseng to reveal specific mechanisms instead of using whole ginseng extracts. The most commonly studied ginsenosides are $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, Re, and Rd. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of cardiovascular disease have attracted much attention and been the subject of numerous publications. Here, we review the current literature on the myriad pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in this area. In vitro investigations using cell cultures and in vivo animal models have indicated ginseng's potential cardiovascular benefits through diverse mechanisms that include antioxidation, modifying vasomotor function, reducing platelet adhesion, influencing ion channels, altering autonomic neurotransmitters release, and improving lipid profiles. Some 40 ginsenosides have been identified. Each may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. This review also summarizes results of relevant clinical trials regarding the cardiovascular effects of ginseng, particularly in the management of hypertension and improving cardiovascular function.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.489-497
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated and compared the protective effects of two major constituents, baicalein and baicalin, against oxidative DNA and cell damages caused by hydroxyl radical. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating assay. ${\varphi}X$ 174 RFI plasmid DNA and intracellular DNA migration assay were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. Also, MTT and lipid peroxidation assays were used to evaluate their protective effects against oxidative cell damage. Both baicalein and baicalin prevented intracellular DNA and cells from oxidative damage caused by hydroxyl radical via antioxidant activities. Baicalein demonstrated a stronger antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radicals and chelating $Fe^{2+}$ while baicalin scavenged hydroxyl radicals more efficiently. The differences in the level of baicalein and baicalin pose a different pathological pathway for each. The antioxidant activity of baicalin was due to its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radical whilst baicalein was a stronger $Fe^{2+}$ chelator. Further investigation to compare the molecular mechanisms of antitumor activities of baicalein and baicalin is vital to anticancer research.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1980

Climacteric phenomon in fruits was delayed ten days on the sub-atmospheric treatment than the normal atmospheric one. Average lipid content in tomatoes sampled was composed of neutral lipid (49%), phospholipid(31%) and glycolipid (13%). Seven constituents each from neutral and phospholipid were seperated through thin-lyaer chromatography. Changes on lipid content during treatments were associated with the climacteric pattern and the advance of maturity; At the climacteric on-set, the fruit color was light pink, and the content of neutral lipid was reduced to minimum. After this stage, this content was reversely increased. The maturity was related with diglyceride and sterol ester in neutral lipid, and phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in phospholipid. The changes of two constituents each on both neutral and phospholipid were reversed each other. It was concluded that changes of lipid content in tomato fruits were closely associated with the advance of fruit maturity and climacteric pattern.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.304-313
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• 1979

The compositions of the polar lipids in the free and bound lipids from four varieties of experimentally cultivated potatoes were identified and quantified by thin layer- and gas-liquid chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The glycolipids contained in the free and bound lipids were fractionated and identified as esterified sterol glycoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride, sterol glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride, and trigalactosyl diglyceride, of which the highest content to the total lipid quantity were 5.8% of esterified sterol glycoside in the free lipid and 6.1% of trigalactosyl diglyceride in the bound lipid. The content of monogalactosyl diglyceride in the free and bound lipids was almost the same, whereas the content of esterified sterol glycoside was higher in the free lipid than in the bound lipid, and the contents of sterol glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride, and trigalactosyl diglyceride were higher in the bound lipid than in the free lipid on the contrary. 2. The phospholipid contained in the free and bound lipids were fractionated and identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl inositol, but the phosphatidyl glyceride was not detected in the free lipid. The highest content in the total lipid quantity was 3.3 % of phosophatidyl choline in the case of the free lipid, while 14.9 % of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine contained in the bound lipid was the highest. All other constituents of phospholipid were contained in larger quantity in the bound lipid than in the free lipid. 3. The fatty acid composition of glycolipid in the free and bound lipids was also the same as that of the total free and bound lipids. The differences were that the content of palmitic acid was higher in the glycolipid of the free lipid than in the total free lipid and the content of linoleic acid was lower in the glycolipid.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 1986

To determine contents of general constituents of Ganoderma lucidum in Korea, the dried carpophores were analyzed. The contents of water, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and crude cellulose were 14.6, 2.0, 3.3, 23.6, and 59.0%, respectively. Among reducing sugars, maltose was the most abundant. Seventeen free amino acids were detected, showing alanine the highest value. The pH of hot water extract was 4.1-4.2. The spores of Ganoderma lucidum was flat and ovoidal long. Their size was $6.3-7.1{\times}3.5-4.3{\times}2.0-2.5\;{\mu}m$ long. To examine effects of life span against sarcoma-180 cells, Fractions A, B and C, were obtained from the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. The survival rates of Fractions A, B and C were 131.7, 162.5, and 141.7 %, respectively. In addition, to examine effects of Fraction B on cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity (=DTH) test was conducted. It restored the suppressed DTH in the sarcoma-180 bearing group up to 66.7%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.63-63
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• 2003

Opuntia ficus-indicavar. saboten Makino (Cactaceae) is a tropical or subtropical plant that has been widely used as folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, burn, edema and gastritis. The purposes of the present study were to identify antioxidant constituents from fruits and stems of the plant cultivated in Cheju island, Korea, and examine their in vitro neuroprotective activities. Using a chromatographic fractionation method, ten chemical constituents were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts. By means of chemical and spectroscopic methods, those were identified as eight flavonoids such as kaempherol (a), quercetin (b), kaempferol 3-methyl ether (c), quercetin 3-methyl ether (d), narcissin (e), dihydrokaernpferol (f), dihydroquercetin (g) and erioclictyol (h), and two terpenoids such as 3-oxo-${\alpha}$-ionol-${\beta}$-d-glucopyranoside (i) and roseoside (j). Among the isolated compounds, comrounds c~e and h~j were those reported for the first titre from the plant. Compounds b, d and g showed DPPH free radical scavenging activities with IC$\sub$50/ values of 28, 19 and 31, ${\mu}$M respectively. Compounds d and g also inhibited iron-dependent lipid peroxidation with IC$\sub$50/ values of 2.4 and 3.5 ${\mu}$M. In a primary rat cortical neuronal cell culture system, compounds b, d and g inhibited xanthine/xanthine oxidase-induced (IC$\sub$50/ values of 18.2, 2.1 and 54.6 ${\mu}$M) and H$_2$O$_2$-induced (IC$\sub$50/ values of 13.6, 1.9 and 25.7 ${\mu}$M) cytotoxicities. In addition, compounds d and g inhibited NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by 21 and 33%, and only compound d inhibited growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis by 31% at a tested concentration of 3 ${\mu}$M. The results suggest that the antioxidant constituents with in vitroneuroprotective activities may serve as lead chemicals for the development of neuroprotective agent.