• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.3 s.54
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• pp.283-289
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• 2006

In recent years, there has been an increase in consumer demand for bottled waters. There is a perception that consumption of natural mineral water represents a healthy life style and that these products are relatively safe. In this study, the microbiological quality of 39 samples of bottled water, purchased from retail store in Korea, was investigated during the 2005. Applying pour plate method, the 1 mL of water samples were analyzed for the presence and enumeration of total general bacteria and Pseudomonas spp.. Nineteen samples representing 9 brands of bottled water contained general bacteria ($1.54{\times}10^2$ CFU/mL). In addition four samples contained Pseudomonas spp. and Camamonas acidovorans. The susceptibility of the strains tested against 25 antimicrobial agents, Pseudomonas fluorescens were resistant to Lincomycin, Amoxacilin/Clavulanic acid and Cefazolin (> $100{\mu}g/mL$). Also Comamonas acidovorans were intermediate to Cephalothin and resistant to Cefoperazone.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2009

In recent years, pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment have become a matter of increasing public concern. Environmental risk assessment (ERA), including an exposure assessment, is considered the best scientifically based approach for evaluating the potential effects of pharmaceuticals on ecosystems. Computerized exposure models constitute an important tool in predicting environmental exposures of pharmaceuticals. This paper presents the applicability of an exposure model by comparing measured data of selected pharmaceuticals with predicted environmental concentrations from an exposure model. $PhATE^{TM}$ (Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation) model developed by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) was adapted to run simulations for the Keum River. A set of 7 pharmaceuticals of high production in Korea was modeled. The PECs generated by the $PhATE^{TM}$ model that were then compared to the measured concentrations. The $PhATE^{TM}$ model predicted concentrations for 7 pharmaceuticals including acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, erythromycin, ibuprofen, lincomycin, mefenamic acid, and naproxen were in good agreement with actual measured concentrations, which demonstrated the utility of $PhATE^{TM}$ as a predictive tool. In conclusion, $PhATE^{TM}$, although it does not intend to accurately represent reality, could be utilized for rapid predictions of the environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 1993

An Actinomycetes strain JB isolated from Mt. Hanla had a strong antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria and tumor cell growth inhibition. Especially, it couldn't degrade starch and casein as organic compounds. It was resist on lincomycin and rifampicin. The spore mass of strain JB which was arethrospore was white. DAP of the cell wall was L, L-DAP. Antimicrobial material was heat stable, dissolved in ethyl acetate, and not dissolved in butanol. In the pressnce of 0.1% phenol and 4% sodium chloride, strain JB could grow, but it didn't growth at below $10^{\circ}C$. Strain JB didn't use dextran, sodium acetate and sodium citrate as sole carbon source and L-cystein and L-thereonine as nitrogen source. The filtered broth of strain JB had the antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 65389) and the growth inhibition of tumor cell line.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2011

Salmonella spp. is an important pathogen to both public and swine industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella serovar and antibiotics susceptibility of the isolates from Korean swine producing systems. A total of 63 (5.28%) Salmonella spp. was isolated from 1,194 samples (977 fecal materials and 67 organ samples). The predominant Salmonella (S.) enterica serotype and serovar was group B (69.8%) and S. Typhimurium (47.6%), S. Derby (20.6%) and S. Heidelberg (1.6%). But S. Cholerasuis which is characterized host specific by septicemia and enteritis to pigs was not isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates varies as follows: Norfloxacine (75%), Ciprofloxacin (67.5%), Amikacin (60%), Colistin (60%), Enrofloxacin (55%). All of isolates were resistant to Erythromycin, Penicillin, Tetracycline and Lincomycin. The results of this study provided useful information regarding antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns to treat salmonellosis and to prevent emergence of multidrug resistance Salmonella.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 1987

Authors studied on the isolation of V. damsela from sea water, fish and shellfish at the Keoje Hae keumkang on the southern sea and at Hongdo island and Heucksan island on the western sea of Korea from May to September in 1986. Authors investigated for the isolated strains to bacteriological identification, hemolysis about various erythrocytes and antibiotic susceptibilities. The results obtained were as follows: 1. V. damsela was isolated 14 strains from total 383 specimens; 233 cases of sea water, 40 cases of fish and 110 cases of shellfish, respectively. Eight strains were isolated from sea water and 6 strains were isolated from shellfish. 2. The biochemical characteristics which differentiate it from other Vibrio species were indole negative, ornithine negative, Voges-Proskauer positive, arginine positive, galactose positive, glucose positive, maltose positive, mannose positive, trehalose positive, and growth in nutrient broth with 1% to 6% NaCl. 3. On hemolysis reaction on blood agar media using human, rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes, human erythrocytes were 11 strain positive, rabbit erythrocytes were 12 strain positive and guinea pig erythrocytes were 13 strain positive. 4. Senistivity test using with chemotherapeutic agents of "BioLab" Microbial Sensitivity Test Discs were generally sensitived to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, methicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and tobramycin, respectively, but were resistant to lincomycin.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

The pollution of antibiotics is a major cause of spreading antibiotics resistant bacteria in the environment. Applications of ozonation, UV, and ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiations have been introduced to remove antibiotics in the effluents from wastewater treatment system. In this study, we compared the chemical (HPLC) and biological (antimicrobial susceptibility test, AMS) assays in measuring of the concentrations of residual antibiotics after ${\gamma}-ray$ and UV irradiation. Most samples were degraded by ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation (1~2 kGy). However, lincomycin and tetracycline were not degraded by UV irradiation. The concentration of residual antibiotics, that was treated with ${\gamma}-ray$ and UV irradiation, measuring by bioassay was similar to HPLC. The concentrations of ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiated cephradine measured by AMS test were 2 times higher than that of HPLC assay, indicating AMS test is more sensitive than HPLC assay. These results indicate that ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation technique is more useful than UV irradiation, and biological assay is more useful to detect the antibiotics and toxic intermediates in antibiotics degradation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterococci in cheese samples and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles as well as the associated resistance genes. A total of 139 enterococci were isolated from 99 cheese samples, the isolates were identified as E. faecalis (61.2%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. gallinarum (12.9%), E. durans (5.0%), E. casseliflavis (2.9%) and E. avium (2.9%). The most frequent antimicrobial resistance observed in enterococci isolates was to lincomycin (88.5%), followed by kanamycin (84.2%), gentamycin (low level, 51.1%), rifampin (46.8%) and tetracycline (33.8%). Among the isolates, the frequencies of high level gentamycin and streptomycin resistant enterococci strains were 2.2% and 5.8%, respectively. Apart from the mentioned antibiotics, low levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol were found. Moreover no resistance was observed against penicillin and ampicillin. The antimicrobial resistance genes including tetM, tetL, ermB, cat, aph(3’)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia and aac(6’)-Ieaph(2”)-Ia were found in enterococci from Turkish cheese samples. In the current study, we provided data for antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of resistance genes among enterococci. Regulatory and quality control programs for milk and other dairy products from farms to retail outlets has to be established and strengthened to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance among emerging food borne pathogens in Turkey.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.323-336
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• 1996

This is a retrospective study on the patients with infection of the oral and maxillofacial region with the purpose of obtaining some useful data for diagnosis and treatment plan of that relatively common disease in dentistry. The used materials of study were 87 in total, including 52 male patients, 35 female patients who diagnosed and treated at the Department of the Dentistry in Hanyang Medical College Hospital for the period of Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1994. The author analyzed the distribution and incidence of sex, age, admission period, etiologic factors, etiologic teeth, treatment method of infections, pus culture, antibiotics sensibilities and medication. The result obtained as follows : 1. The developmental incidences by sex was superior in male by the ratio of 1.5 : 1 and the infection was most frequently occurred during the third decades(35.6%). 2. The number of admitted patients elevated in February, March, and April, and average of admission period was 9.8 days. 3. Main etiologic teeth showed on lower molar region in adult(63%) and upper molar region in primary dentition(46.1%). 4. Medications were administrated in all of the cases, and surgical incision and drainage were performed in 53% and extraction of the causative teeth were performed in 63.6% of all cases. 5. The most common involved fascial spaces were Buccal space(41.4%), Infraorbital space(27.6%), Submandibular space(16.1%),in order, and 9 cases(10.3%) were Ludwig's Angina. In 68.2% of the patients, and infection involved only one fascial space and in 21.8% of the patients, it involved to more fascial spaces. 6. The most causative organisms isolated from pus culture were Gram-positive facultative cocci(55.5%), and antibiotics sensitivities on the total isolated bacterial strains were exposed chloramphenicol(88.6%), Cephalothin(88.6%), Erythromycin(81.5%), Lincomycin(77.8%) in order, but it showed resistant on Gentamycin(58.3%), Tetracycline(56.5%), Methicillin(38.5%).

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 1976

A total of 100 swelled, springered or flippered canned meat and fish products were studied the degree of contamination with clostridias and serological relationships to Hobbs'13 "heat resistant" types, heat resistance of spores and susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolates to several antibiotics. Samples examined in this study were collected from Seoul area from June to October, 1975 and prepared in Korea. Clostridias were isolated from 46(46%) of these samples; 19 strains of Cl. perfringens, 9 strains of Cl. oedematiens A, B, 5 strains of Cl. sordelli, each 3 strains of Cl. chauvoei, Cl, oedematiens C.E, and Cl. difficile, 2 strains of Cl. sporogenes. The highest percentage of contamination by Cl. perfringens was found in beef products(26.5%), and the following(5.2%) in mackerel pike and none in baitop shell. whale, manna brand. and top shell. One of 19 isolates of Clostridium perfringens found in meat products was shown to produce heat resistant spores which resist $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and others were heat labile strains which is killed at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The distribution of Hobbs' serotype of 19 isolates were each 4 strains of type 6, 8, and 11, 1 strain of type 13 and others untypable. 19 Strains of Cl. perfringens were shown a marked susceptibility to cefamezin, lincomycin and minocin and relatively sensitive to vibraimycin, geopen, and chloramphenicol. A marked resistance to kanamycin, colimycin, and gentamycin were shown. Aerobic enteropathogens from samples were not recovered.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2004

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 36 dogs with respiratory signs, that were submitted to Veterinary Clinics in Jeju, including Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Cheju National University. Of 36 isolates, 16 (44.4%) bacterial pathogens were Gram-positive and 20 (55.6%) were Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria identified with API Staph were 12 S. intermedius (33.3%), 2 S. aureus (5.6%), 1 S. haemolyticum (2.8%), and 1 S. xylosus (2.8%). Gram-negative organisms identified with API 20E or API NE included 8 Bordetella bronchiseptica (22.2%), 6 Escherichia coli (16.7%), 4 Pasteurella spp. (11.1%), 1 Enterobacter intermedius (2.8%), and 1 Oligella ureolytica (2.8%). Both Staphylococcus spp. isolates and Gram-negative pathogens were resistant to one or more antibiotics, including ampicillin (AM), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), chloramphenicol (C), cefazolin (CZ), erythromycin (E), gentamicin (GM), kanamycin (K), lincomycin (L), oxacillin (OX), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and tetracycline (TE). All Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to AMC, OX and VA, while many isolates were highly resistant to L (87.5%), E (68.8%), P (62.5%), and AM (56.3%). Antibiotic-resistant patterns of staphylococcal isolates were shown ranges from single to 9-resistant patterns. Resistant rates to antibiotics of Gram-negative bacteria were usually higher than those of Staphylococcus spp. in this study. Most Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to L (90.0%), AM (85.0%), E (85.0%), P (85.0%), OX (80.0%), and CZ (75.0%). B. bronchiseptica isolates showed 5 to 8 antibiotics-resistant patterns and Pasteurella spp., 2 to 8-resistant patterns. In particular, all 6 E. coli isolates were resistant to more than 9 different kinds of antibiotics, including one strain resistant to all antibiotics tested.