• 대한지리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

소매업은 경제, 사회, 문화, 정치를 배경으로 소비자의 요구에 부응하며 발전해 가 기 때문에 지역구조의 이해라는 측면에서 증요한 연구 주제이다. 또한 소매업은 일상생활을 영위하기 위한 기본적인 기능이므로, 이에 대한 이해는 삶의 질 향상이라는 측면에서도 중 요하다. 최근, 우리나라는 주민소득의 향상과 그에 따른 수요의 다양화, 개성화, 그리고 정보 화 사회로의 이행, 대기업 및 외국유통업의 참여, 정부의 유통산업 근대화 작업 등 소매업 환경의 변화와 함께 소매업이 크게 변화하고 있다. 따라서 미래의 변화 예측과 바람직한 발 전 방향이 제시되어야 함에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 연구가 미흡하다. 이에 광주시를 연구대 상지역으로 선정하여, 소매업의 입지와 그에 대한 주민의 이용 행태, 그리고 주민의 바람직 한 이용방안을 분석하였다. 이는 입지행태라는 순수한 학문적기여 뿐 아니라, 지역의 효율성 과 평등성의 실현이라는 응용면에서도 중요한 의의를 지닌다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.211-241
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• 2012

유럽연합(European Union: EU)이 2012년 6월 유엔의 우주의평화적이용위원회(COPUOS) 제 55차 회기에서 공식 제기한 우주활동의 국제 행동규범안(Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities)은 그간 우주에서의 국가 활동 규범에 대한 미비한 요소들을 제시한 내용으로서 국제사회의 관심을 끌기에 충분한 내용이다. 현재 우주에서의 미비한 질서는 군비경쟁 금지, 우주쓰레기 경감 등을 통한 우주의 안전과 안보를 위한 지침, 그리고 우주활동의 정보를 참여 국가 간 교환하는 것이라고 할 수 있는 바, EU의 상기 제안은 여사한 문제들에 대한 행동 강령을 정한 것으로서 주목되는 내용이다. 2008년 말부터 시작된 EU의 제안 활동은 그간 일부 우주활동 국가들, 특히 미국과의 비공식 접촉을 통하여 접촉대상국들의 의견도 반영한 가운데 2013년 채택을 목표로 하는 자발적 이행 규범으로서 강제력을 가지고 있지는 않지만 미국은 우주에서의 군축 관련 규범 제정의 필요성에 탄력을 제공하는 계기가 될 가능성에 우려하는 가운데 현재는 방관하고 있는 입장으로 보인다. 이러한 미국의 입장은 우주에서 전략적 우위를 점하고 있다는 자국의 이익이 군축에 관한 규범의 제정으로 손상될 수 있다는 판단을 근거로 하고 있다. 이에 따라 미국은 유엔 총회에서 우주에서의 군비경쟁 방지(PAROS)에 관한 결의에 반대하고 군축회의(Conference on Disarmament: CD)에서 오랫동안 논의되어 왔던 우주에서의 군축을 촉구하는 논의의 장을 마련하는 것에 반대하여 왔다. 중국과 러시아는 2008년 우주에서의 군축에 관한 PPWT (Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects)채택을 제안하였는 바, EU의 제안은 자신들이 제안한 PPWT의 추력을 저상시키는 내용이 되기 때문에 불편한 심정으로서 역시 소극적인 입장이다. 한편, 미국이 상기 입장의 연장선 상에서 PPWT에 반대 입장을 취하는 것은 이해하기 어렵지 않다. EU의 행동규범안은 주요 우주대국의 군사전략적 측면에서의 이해관계 때문에 그 장래가 명확치 않으나 우주쓰레기의 경감을 위하여 노력하고 우주활동의 정보를 상호교환하면서 우주에서의 안전과 안보를 보장을 통하여 가능한 우주의 평화적 이용과 탐사라는 기본 명제를 극대화 시키는 효과를 가져오는 것으로서 매우 바람직한 조치로 간주된다. 단, 동 규범안은 참여 국가들간의 협조와 연락업무를 수행하기 위하여 상설기구를 설치하도록 되어있지만 이는 기존 조직인 유엔외기권사무소(UN Office for Outer Space Affairs)가 담당하도록 할 경우 효율과 경제를 도모할 수 있을 것이다. 동 규범안에 대한 추후 구체 협상 시 여사한 내용도 논의될 것으로 보지만 EU의 우주활동의 안전과 안보에 관한 조치는 환경문제에서와 같이 국제사회를 이끌어가는 또 하나의 의미있는 기여로 평가받아야 한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제37권
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• pp.285-307
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• 2004

이 연구에서는 전남 화순군에 위치한 운주사의 석조문화재를 중심으로 암석의 풍화대 형성과 풍화의 진행에 따른 암석학적 특성과 지화학적 특성을 종합 검토하였다. 이 결과를 중심으로 석조물을 이루는 암석의 기계적, 화학적, 광물학적 및 물리적 풍화에 영향을 미치는 풍화요소를 규명하였고, 이들을 정량화하여 석조문화재의 보존방안 강구를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 이 연구를 위하여 야외 정밀조사 및 총 18개의 시료(화산력 응회암 7점, 화산회 응회암 4점, 화강암류 4점, 화강편마암 3점)에 대한 전암분석과 암석의 특성 및 광물감정을 실시하였다. 또한 각각의 석조물에 대한 훼손현황을 반정량적으로 기재하였다. 운주사 일대의 지질을 이루는 암석은 화산력 응회암이며 대체로 N30-40W의 주향과 10~20NE의 경사를 갖고 있다. 이 화산력 응회암은 운주사를 중심으로 매우 넓게 분포하고 있으며 운주사 경내에 분포하는 석조물은 모두 화산력 응회암으로 조형되어 있다. 현재 운주 사 경내의 석조물들은 대부분 심한 균열의 발달과 함께 구조적 불균형을 이루고 있으며, 생물학적 오염 및 암석의 풍화가 상당히 진행되어 각력이 탈락하고 광물의 입상분해가 발생하는 등 풍화와 훼손양상이 아주 심각하다. 또한 석조물 곳곳의 철편과 시멘트 몰탈은 산화되어 적갈색의 침전물과 회백색의 침전물을 형성하고 있다. 이들 석조물에 대해 육안 훼손정도를 기재한 결과 대부분의 석조물들이 MD(moderate damage)에서 SD(severe damage) 등급의 훼손정도를 보이고 있다. 각 암석의 X선 회절분석 결과, 대부분의 시료들은 석영, 정장석, 사장석, 방해석 및 자철석 등의 광물로 구성되어 있다. 현미경하에서는 석영과 장석류가 심하게 변질되었으며, 타형의 결정형을 보이는 흑운모는 풍화되어 이차 풍화광물인 녹니석으로 변질되어 있다. 또한 응회암 곳곳의 열극대에 적갈색의 철분 침전물이 관찰되는 것으로 보아 암석의 내부까지 풍화가 진행되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 연구지역의 석조물을 이루는 응회암류는 Subalkaline, Peraluminous의 영역에 도시되며, 시료의 $SiO_2$(wt.%) 범위는 화산력 응회암이 70.08~73.69, 화산회 응회암은 70.26~78.42 의 범위를 보이고 있다. 또한 주성분원소에 대한 화학적풍화지수(CIA)와 풍화잠재지수(WPI) 계산치에서 CIA의 범위는 화산력 응회암은 55.05~60.75, 화산회 응회암은 52.10~58.70, 화강암은 49.49~51.06 화강편마암은 53.25~67.14의 범위를 보이며 이들은 편마암류와 응회암류에서 큰 값을 갖는다. WPI는 응회암류와 편마암류의 시료에서 0선 이하에 있거나 0선에 근접되어 도시되는 것으로 보아 상위 CIA에서와 같이, 이들 응회암류와 편마암류가 화학적인 풍화 작용을 쉽게 받고 있음을 시사한다. 암석의 분말시료와 석조물의 피복시료를 채취하여 전자현미경(SEM)으로 관찰한 결과 암석의 이차적인 풍화산물인 스멕타이트, 불석군의 점토광물이 관찰된다. 그리고 암석의 생물학적 풍화 요소인 하등식물의 균사류 및 지의류의 모근과 포자가 함께 관찰된다. 이는 암석의 내부까지 생물체가 압력을 가하고 있어 석조물의 기계적 풍화작용을 가중시키고 있으며, 이와 함께 석조물 내에 점토광물화가 상당히 진행된 것으로 판단된다. 암석의 풍화가 상당히 진행되어 비, 바람, 수목, 지반 등 자연환경 의해 훼손이 가속화 되고 있는 상태이다. 이에 대한 방안으로 1차 수목 제거 등 주변 환경정비와 배수로 설치 등 물 침투 방지에 대한 지반환경 조성이 필요하고, 2차 지의류 제거 등 생물학적 처리와 합성수지를 사용한 균열부분 접착복원과 암석 재질을 강하게 하는 경화 및 발수처리를 실시한다. 그리고 풍화의 원인인 바람, 햇빛, 비 등을 차단시킬 수 있고 주변경관과 어울리는 보호시설을 건립하여 보존하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다.

• 미술자료
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• 제96권
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• pp.155-180
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• 2019

용주사 <삼세불회도>는 유교적 이념과 불교적 이념, 궁중화원 양식과 산문화승 양식, 고유한 전통화법과 외래적 서양화법 같은 다양한 이원적 요소들이 창조적으로 융합되어 이룩된 기념비적 걸작으로서 조선 후기의 회화 발달과 혁신을 상징적으로 보여주는 대표적 작품의 하나이다. 그러나 화기(畫記)가 없기 때문에 현존 <삼세불회도>의 제작시기와 작가를 비정하고 양식 특징을 분석하는 문제를 놓고 연구자마다 견해 차이가 심해 지난 50여 년 간 논쟁이 끊이지 않음으로써 회화사적 의미와 가치가 제대로 인식되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 현존 <삼세불회도>의 제작시기를 추정하는 문제는 모든 논의의 기본적 출발점이 되기 때문에 특히 중요한 문제이다. 그러나 일반적인 불화와 달리 화기(畫記)가 없고, 작가에 대한 기록이 문헌마다 다르며, 화승들의 전통적인 불화 양식과 화원들의 혁신적인 서양화법이 혼재되어 있어 작가와 양식을 일치시켜 이해하는 문제가 쉽지 않기 때문에 제작시기를 추정하는 문제는 특히 논란이 많은 쟁점 중의 하나이다. 그런데 현존 <삼세불회도>는 일반적인 불화와 달리 수미단 중앙에 왕실(王室) 존위(尊位)의 축원문(祝願文)을 써놓아 주목되며, 애초에 썼던 "주상전하(主上殿下), 왕비전하(王妃殿下), 세자전하(世子邸下)"의 삼전(三殿) 축원문을 지우고 '자궁저하(慈宮邸下)'를 '왕비전하(王妃殿下)' 앞에 추가해서 고쳐 써넣어 더욱 주목된다. 따라서 이 축원문은 현존 삼세불회도의 제작시기를 추정할 수 있는 가장 중요한 객관적 단서의 하나이다. 그리하여 최근에 새롭게 제시된 19세기 후반 제작설은 1790년의 용주사 창건 당시에는 순조(純祖)가 '원자(元子)' 신분이었고 1800년 1월 1일에야 '세자(世子)'로 책봉되었기 때문에 '세자(世子)'라는 존호가 쓰여있는 현존 <삼세불회도>의 축원문은 세자 책봉 이후에 쓰여진 것으로 보아야 하며, 형식과 도상이 19세기 후반기 화승들이 그린 청룡사나 봉은사의 <삼세불회도>와 유사하고 서양화법은 후대에 개채된 것일 가능성이 많기 때문에 현존 <삼세불회도>는 19세기 후반기의 화승에 의해 그려진 것으로 보아야 한다고 하였다. 그러나 19세기 후반 불화(佛畫) 화기(畫記)의 축원문을 광범위하게 조사해보면, 불화 제작 시점에 왕실에 실존한 인물의 신분(身分)과 생년(生年), 성씨(姓氏)까지 구체적으로 쓰는 것이 통례였기 때문에 19세기 후반에는 용주사 <삼세불회도>의 축원문처럼 수십 년 전에 승하한 사람들을 생전의 존호(尊號)로 고쳐 쓸 수 없다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이에 반해 1790년 전후에는 원자(元子)나 세자(世子)의 유무(有無)와 무관하게 의례적으로 "주상전하(主上殿下), 왕비전하(王妃殿下), 세자저하(世子邸下)"의 삼전(三殿) 축원문을 쓰는 것이 관례였기 때문에 현존 <삼세불회도>의 축원문에 '세자저하(世子邸下)'의 존호가 쓰여있는 것은 오히려 당연한 것임을 알 수 있다. 그리고 일반적인 왕실 위계와 달리 '자궁저하(慈宮邸下)'가 '왕비전하(王妃殿下)'보다 앞에 쓰여있는데, 이는 사도세자(思悼世子)의 비극으로 인한 정조와 혜경궁(자궁(慈宮)), 왕비 세 사람의 특수한 관계로 인해 정조가 혜경궁의 왕실 위상을 왕비 앞에 오도록 하여 정조대에만 사용된 특별한 왕실 전례였기 때문에 현존하는 삼세불회도의 축원문은 정조대에 개서(改書)된 것임을 알 수 있다. 또한 애초에는 당시의 일반적인 불화 축원문처럼 의례적인 삼전(三殿) 축원문을 썼다가 이를 지우고 다시 '자궁저하(慈宮邸下)'라는 특별한 존호를 넣어 개서(改書)하는 매우 특별한 일이 일어났는데, 이는 현륭원(顯隆園)의 재궁(齋宮현륭인 용주사의 가장 중요한 주인공이 사도세자의 아들인 정조와 부인인 혜경궁(惠慶宮)(자궁(慈宮))임에도 불구하고 축원문에 의뢰적인 삼전(三殿)만 쓰여있고 혜경궁이 빠져있는 것을 보고 정조가 지시하여 개서(改書)했던 것이라고 생각된다. 그리고 이 개서(改書)는 정조가 현륭원과 용주사가 준공된 뒤 처음으로 현륭원에 원행(園幸)하여 원소(園所)를 두루 돌아보고 돌아오는 길에 잠시 용주사에 들러 <삼세불회도>를 처음이자 마지막으로 친견했던 1791년 1월 17일에 정조가 지시하여 이루어진 것이라고 믿어진다. 따라서 이와 같이 특수한 내용과 형태로 이루어진 축원문은 현존 <삼세불회도>가 1790년의 창건 당시에 그려진 원본 진작임을 말해주는 가장 확실한 객관적 증거라고 할 수 있다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.65-96
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• 2012

루머는 신뢰할 만한 타당한 근거나 이유가 없음에도 불구하고 광범위하게 이야기되는 일상적인 대화나 의견으로서 오랜기간 소비자 개개인의 사적 영역의 문제였다. 그러나 대중의 사랑과 주목을 받는 기업이나 브랜드는 선천적으로 소비자의 관심으로부터 멀어질 수 없으며, 항상 루머의 주요한 소재가 되어 왔다. 그 결과 현대의 소비자 커뮤니케이션 환경에서 루머는 기업 경영활동에 중요한 위기 요인이 되고 있다. 기업과 브랜드들이 당면하는 소비자 루머들은 크게 기업과 관련된 음모성 루머와 상품과 직접적 관련이 있는 오염성 루머로 나누어지며 국내외에서 많은 위기 사례들이 발견되고 있다. 심지어 P&G, SK, 현대, 삼성처럼 잘 정비된 홍보 조직을 갖춘 굴지의 대기업들조차 이런 루머로부터 자유롭지 못하며, 기존의 대응방식 역시 적절하지 못했던 것이 사실이다. 부정적 루머가 주목받아야 하는 이유는 해당 기업의 매출 및 점유율 하락은 물론 주식 가격에도 부정적인 영향을 미치며 오랜기간 구축해온 소비자와의 관계마저 황폐화시킬 가능성이 있기 때문이다. 최근 인터넷, 소셜 네트워크 서비스의 확산과 더불어 브랜드와 관련된 루머의 중요성은 더욱 증대하고 있으나 루머 연구는 지금까지 기업이나 마케팅 연구자의 정당한 주목을 받지 못하였다. 이에 본 연구는 루머의 다각적인 측면을 고려하는 상황주의자적 연구 패러다임을 기반으로 지각된 유용성, 원천 신뢰성, 메시지 신뢰성, 걱정, 생동감과 같은 루머와 관련된 속성들이 루머 수용강도와 루머 구전의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 가상 브랜드와 루머가 제시되었으며, 실증조사를 통한 데이터 수집과 분석이 이루어졌다. 연구 결과에 따르면 원천 신뢰성, 메시지 신뢰성, 걱정, 생동감 같은 루머 특성 변수들은 루머 수용 강도에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 루머 수용강도는 루머 구전의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 지각된 중요성은 루머 수용강도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하며, 상품 관여도의 조절효과 역시 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 주요한 실무적, 학문적 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 첫째, 루머를 자연발생적인 사회 현상이 아니라 소비자의 주요 활동의 일부이며, 마케터의 관심과 대응 커뮤니케이션 전략이 필요한 브랜드 관련 현상임을 주장하였다. 둘째, 브랜드 루머의 심리적, 사회적인 다차원적 구성 요인과 확산되는 경로를 제시함으로서 루머에 대한 능동적인 관리 가능성을 제시하였다. 셋째, 온라인상의 루머 활동이 기업 성과에 미치는 영향을 제시함으로서 기업들의 적극적인 온라인 커뮤니케이션 활동과 평판 관리의 필요성을 주장하였다. 넷째, 소비자의 걱정과 같은 부정적 정서가 루머의 온상이 되고 있음을 규명함으로서 소비자의 의혹을 불식시키기 위하여 정확하고 진실된 정보를 제공해야 함을 주장하였다. 다섯째, 루머의 유용성이 확산에 미치는 영향 가설이 기각되었으며, 상품 관여도의 조절 효과 역시 기각되었다. 이는 루머를 접하는 소비자의 입장에서 볼 때, 루머 자체가 무의미하더라도 단순한 재미나 호기심만으로도 얼마든지 확산될 가능성을 암시하고 있다. 일부 기업들은 사실이 아니라는 이유만으로 루머를 무시하거나 간과하는 경우들이 있으나, 기업의 예상과 다르게 루머가 얼마든지 확산될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주며, 기업의 보다 세심한 대응 전략의 필요성을 요구하고 있다.

• 미술자료
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• 제96권
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• pp.18-53
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• 2019

최근 국립중앙박물관이 기증을 받아 "우리 강산을 그리다: 화가의 시선, 조선시대 실경산수화" 특별전(2019년)에서 처음으로 공개한 작품인 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>는 조선시대 회화사 이해에 있어 시사하는 바가 매우 지대하다. 두 작품이 1557년의 관동 유람을 계기로 그려진 병풍의 일부였음을 알 수 있어서 16세기 산수화에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 데 획기적인 자료가 되기 때문이다. 이러한 중요성을 밝히기 위해서 본고에서는 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>에 담긴 경물의 내용을 살펴보고 제작시기와 양식상의 특징을 분석한 후, 다른 작품과의 비교를 통해서 이 작품에 담긴 회화사적인 의미에 대해서 살펴보았다. 이 작품의 제작 배경은 <총석정도>의 발문으로 알 수 있다. 본고에서 박충간(朴忠侃)(?~1601)으로 비정한 정상일로(商山逸老)가 1557년 봄에 홍연(洪淵)(?~?)과 함께 금강산(풍악산)과 관동 지역을 유람하고 유산록(遊山錄)을 작성하였으며 시간이 흐른 뒤 그중 몇몇 명승지를 그려 병풍을 만든 것을 알 수 있었다. 홍연은 자가 덕원(德遠)으로 1551년에 별시문과에 급제하고 1584년까지는 생존했던 인물이다. 박충간은 호가 남애(南崖)로서 1589년 정여립(鄭汝立)의 모역을 고변하여, 그 공으로 형조참판으로 승진되고 평난공신(平難功臣) 1등에 책록된 후 상산군(商山君)에 봉해진 인물이다. 이 글로 작품의 제작 시기를 1557년의 유람 후이자, 발문을 쓴 박충간이 50대 이상이 되는, 1571년 이후 곧 16세기 후반경으로 보았다. 산수나 나무 표현 등의 화풍을 기준으로도 16세기 후반의 시대 양식과 부합한다. 전술한 발문의 내용으로 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>가 병풍의 일부였던 것을 알수 있으며, 발문이 써 있는 <총석정도>가 마지막 폭이었을 것으로 생각된다. <경포대도>를 보면 구도면에서 조선 초기 안견파(安堅派) 산수화에서 볼 수 있는 편파(偏頗) 3단 구도의 요소를 찾을 수 있으나 실경(實景)을 대상으로 하여 그 배치와 화법이 현실화된 양상을 볼 수 있다. 시점(視點)에 있어서도 여러 경물간의 관계나 경관의 특징이 효과적으로 표현되도록 사선각(斜線角)의 부감시(俯瞰視), 정면시(正面視) 등을 활용하여 경포대의 넓은 영역을 효과적으로 표현하는 다각적(多角的)인 관점(觀點)을 보여준다. 산의 형태나 태점(苔點)의 사용은 1557년작 <의순관영조도(義順館迎詔圖)>(서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 소장)와 매우 유사하다. 16세기 안견파의 특징인 짧은 선이나 점으로 질감을 내는 단선점준(短線點皴)과 구름 모양 운두준(雲頭皴)은 현장감 있게 변모되었다. 조선 초기 산수화의 전통적인 구도와 연결성을 찾을 수 있는 <경포대도>와 달리 <총석정도>는 그 구도가 매우 파격적이다. 화면에 중심축을 두고 돌기둥들이 첩첩이 도열하여 삼각형을 이루고 있는 데 근경(近景)의 돌기둥, 중앙의 사선봉(四仙峯), 절벽 위의 사선정(四仙亭)을 삼단계 정도의 깊이감으로 배치하여 화면에 공간감을 조성하였다. 중앙의 사선봉이 화면의 대부분을 차지하며 압도적인 비중을 점하고 있으나 수직적인 돌기둥들이 유기적인 관계를 형성하지 못하고 분질적(分節的), 평면적(平面的)인 양상으로 그려져 아직 입체적이고 자연스러운 공간감을 조성하는 데에는 이르지 못하고 있다. 기둥의 아랫부분은 희게 하고 윗부분은 어둡게 하여 고원(高遠)의 상승감을 고조시키는 효과가 있는데 각 기둥을 묘사하는 준법을 보면 기둥으로 설정된 면에 담묵을 바르고 그 위에 농묵의 가는 선들을 그어 총석의 질감과 쪼개짐을 묘사하였다. 붓끝을 사선으로 누르며 수직으로 내려 긋고 있어서 부벽준(斧劈皴)의 초기적 양상을 보인다. 일관되게 보이는 이러한 흑백의 대조, 수직적 준법의 구사는 앞으로 전개될 절파계(浙派係) 화풍의 유행을 예시해준다. 한편 기둥의 윤곽 및 균열문이 각각 다 달라서 실제의 특징을 살리려고 한 것을 알 수 있다. 기둥 위에 올라앉은 새들의 묘사, 파도와 흰 거품의 표현 등에서 반복적인 붓질을 찾을 수가 없고 매우 생생한 묘사력을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>의 경물 배치는 이후 변화를 보인다. <경포대도>는 아래쪽에 죽도(竹島)를 두고 경포호를 넘어 위쪽에 위치한 경포대 건물과 오대산 일대를 올려보는 구도였다. 이러한 배치는 경포대를 화면 아래쪽에 두고 위쪽의 바다를 향하는 18세기 이래의 전형적인 구성과 차이를 보인다. 바다 쪽에서 총석을 바라보며 그린 <총석정도> 역시 이후의 작품에서는 내륙에서 바다를 향하는 것으로 관점의 변화를 보인다. 이러한 변화는 정선(鄭敾)(1676~1759)과 김홍도(金弘道)(1745~1806 이후)의 작품이 제작된 이후, 두 사람의 구도를 따라 관동도의 유형이 정착되는 것과 관련이 있다. 하지만 사라진 듯 했던 16세기 <경포대도>의 구도가 조선 말기 <강릉 경포대도>에서와 같이 민간 회화에서 전승된 것도 확인해 볼 수 있다. 관동 지역의 명승도는 이른 시기부터 그려져 고려 김생(金生)(711~?)의 관동도(關東圖), 조선 초 안견(安堅)(15세기 활동)의 낙산사도(洛山寺圖) 등 여러 화가가 단폭이거나 여러 폭의 관동도를 병풍이나 첩 형태로 그렸던 것을 문헌으로 확인할 수 있다. 이처럼 기록은 많으나 이를 증명할 수 있는 작품이 없었는데 본고에서 고찰하는 이 두 점은 현존하는 관동도 중 연대가 가장 올라가는 예로 기록으로만 남아 있는 관동도(關東圖) 병풍(屛風)의 제작 양상을 알게 해주어 회화사적인 의미가 크다. 특히 발문의 내용에 따라 8폭 병풍일 것으로 생각되어 16세기 후반에 이미 관동팔경도(關東八景圖) 형식이 형성되었음을 알 수 있다. 그 성격에 있어서 현존하는 16세기 실경산수화의 예로 거론되는 작품들이 모두 실용적, 공적인 목적의 계회도나 기록화로 제작되어 실경산수화적 요소가 부분적으로 나타난 것과 달리 이 작품은 실제 경관을 대상으로 자연의 변화무쌍함과 아름다움을 담고자 하는 것이 일차적인 목적이었다는 점이 주목된다. 발문을 쓴 박충간은 유람할 때 지었던 감상시를 곁들여 자연의 진면목을 반추하는 태도를 보인다. 이 점은 기존에 알려진 실경산수화의 성격과 그 양상을 달리하는 것으로 순수 감상을 목적으로 한 본격적인 실경산수화의 예라는 점에서 그 중요성이 높다. 이처럼 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>의 두 작품은 유람의 결과를 시화(詩畫)로 제작하였다는 역사적 사실을 현존 작품으로 확인할 수 있는 가장 이른 예라는 점에서 그 의미가 지대하다. 또한 그간 확인할 수 없었던 16세기 실경 산수화의 다양한 형태와 구도 및 시점의 면모를 보여주어 한국 실경산수화에 대한 이해의 폭을 확장한 점에서도 그 중요성이 매우 크다.