• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2013

Purpose: Antidotes for toxicological emergencies can be life-saving. However, there is no nationwide stocking and delivery system for emergency antidotes in Korea. We report on a two-year experience of a nationwide stocking and delivery trial for emergency antidotes at emergency departments in Korea. Methods: An expert panel of clinical toxicologists reviewed and made a list of 15 stocked antidote. These antidotes were purchased or imported from other countries and delivered from 14 antidote stocking hospitals nationwide 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Results: From August 1, 2011 to April 30, 2013, 177 patients with acute poisoning, with a median age of 48.5 years, were administered emergency antidotes. The causes of poisoning were intentional in 52.0% and 88.0% were intentional as a suicide attempt. Regarding clinical severity, using the poisoning severity score, 40.7% of patients had severe to fatal poisoning and 39.0% had moderate poisoning according to clinical severity. The most frequent presenting symptom was neurologic deficit, such as altered mentality (62.7%). alerted mentality (62.7%). Emergency antidotes were administered as follows: methylene blue (49 cases), flumazenil (31), N-acetylcysteine (25), glucagon (17), 100% ethanol (15), cyanide antidote kit (12), anti-venin immunoglobulin (5), pyridoxine (4), hydroxocobalamine (2), and deferoxamine (1). The median time interval from antidote request to delivery at the patient's bedside was 95 minutes (interquartile range 58.8-125.8). Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated the possibility of successful operation of the nationwide system of emergency antidotes stocking and delivery in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.66-83
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• 2002

The economic feasibility analysis including benefit-cost ratio and internal rate of return of a land consolidation and on-farm development project was mainly depended upon the direct benefits and costs arising during project life. Therefore the projects were neglected in allocating the government's financial funds and loans on account of the low economic rate of return of the project. Accordingly the extended benefit-cost analysis method should be introduced and adapted to cover not only the benefit s such as non-market values of environmental and food security fun ct ions of the project but also market values of the project outputs. The main purposes of this study are (1) to prepare a guide line for economic feasibility analysis based on the IBRD and ADB guidelines, (2) to estimate the benefits from productivity increase, labor saving, savings of O&M cost of farm mechanization and project facilities, savings of farmer's burden for their public health, increasing environmental and public functional value of paddy fields, improving food security condition and formation of peaceful and uncontroversial rural society by implementing the land consolidation and on-farm development, (3) to introduce the newly adapted analytical method as the extended benefit cost analysis which could make possible to be included the values of non-market goods such as the food security and the environmental public function of paddy fields. To carry out this study, the existing publications on the guidelines for economic agricultural projects were reviewed and consultation was made with a For the post evaluation study of the land consolidation and on-farm development project, field survey in Jigok and other comparative area were made to get available information. According to the project completion report, Jigok land consolidation and on-farm development project has 55ha of benefit area out of 69ha of gross area. The project was started in November 11th, 2000 and completed october 30th, 2001. The total project costs were amounted to 2,548 million won and the annual project benefits were estimated at 335million won evaluated by domestic market prices. The ERR(Economic Rate of Return) and SRR(Social Rate of Return) of the project based on the shadow pricing system were estimated at 4.4% and 16% respectively. On the other hand, the ERR and SRR based on the domestic market value system were amounted to 6.37% and 14.62%. In conclusion, Korean land consolidation and on-farm development projects have not carried out from the view point of economic rate of return under shadow pricing system but from the view point of domestic pricing system. For the future feasibility studies on land consolidation projects have to be carried out including the non-market values as environmental and food security function of the projects.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.124-126
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• 2009

Energy savings can be achieved with optimum energy consumptions, brake energy regeneration, efficient energy storage (onboard, line side), and primarily with light weight vehicles. Over the last few years, the rolling stock industry has experienced a marked increase in eco-awareness and needs for lower life cycle energy consumption costs. For rolling stock vehicle designers and engineers, weight has always been a critical design parameter. It is often specified directly or indirectly as contractual requirements. These requirements are usually expressed in terms of specified axle load limits, braking deceleration levels and/or demands for optimum energy consumptions. The contractual requirements for lower weights are becoming increasingly more stringent. Light weight vehicles with optimized strength to weight ratios are achievable through proven design processes. The primary driving processes consist of: $\bullet$ material selection to best contribute to the intended functionality and performance $\bullet$ design and design optimization to secure the intended functionality and performance $\bullet$ weight control processes to deliver the intended functionality and performance Aluminium has become the material of choice for modern light weight bodyshells. Steel sub-structures and in particular high strength steels are also used where high strength - high elongation characteristics out way the use of aluminium. With the improved characteristics and responses of composites against tire and smoke, small and large composite materials made components are also found in greater quantities in today's railway vehicles. Full scale hybrid composite rolling stock vehicles are being developed and tested. While an "overdesigned" bodyshell may be deemed as acceptable from a structural point of view, it can, in reality, be a weight saving missed opportunity. The conventional pass/fail structural criteria and existing passenger payload definitions promote conservative designs but they do not necessarily imply optimum lightweight designs. The weight to strength design optimization should be a fundamental design driving factor rather than a feeble post design activity. It should be more than a belated attempt to mitigate against contractual weight penalties. The weight control process must be rigorous, responsible, with achievable goals and above all must be integral to the design process. It should not be a mere tabulation of weights for the sole-purpose of predicting the axle loads and wheel balances compliance. The present paper explores and discusses the topics quoted above with a view to strengthen the recommendations and needs for the weight optimization by design approach as a pro-active design activity for the rolling stock industry at large.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.86-103
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on the development of education and training programs for training 'mechanical facilities maintenance manager'. To this end, the DACUM technique was used for job analysis and education and training programs were developed through expert consultation meetings. The job analysis was based on the 10-member DACUM Committee to derive the job definition, job model, job description, and task description of the 'mechanical facilities maintenance manager'. The main findings are as follows. First, the 'mechanical facilities maintenance manager' was defined as those who operate, inspect, diagnose, and repair mechanical facilities to provide the best performance and efficient operation management, provide a safe and pleasant environment, and perform energy saving and facility life extension tasks. Second, the duties of the 'mechanical facilities maintenance manager' analyzed in the job model consist of the comprehensive plan for operation of mechanical facilities, energy management of mechanical facilities, operation management of mechanical facilities, maintenance of mechanical facilities, safety environment management of mechanical facilities, and customer support management of mechanical facilities. Considering the nature and content of the duties, 4 to 11 tasks per duty were derived and a total of 33 tasks were presented as job model. Third, the curriculum for the 'mechanical facilities maintenance manager' was set up in two courses: Practice I for Mechanical Facilities Maintenance and Practice II for Mechanical Facilities Maintenance. Considerations and policy suggestions were presented when applying and implementing education and training programs based on the results of the research.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide the thermal comfort range according to the residential style and clothing level at radiant floor heating space, and compare the annual energy consumption and energy cost for each condition. Lower neutral point temperature has been stood for floor sitting style than chair sitting style, which appears that the thermal sensation was affected by local heat transfer between floor surface and the human body. The result of research indicates that neutral point temperature was in inverse proportion with the clothing level. It is interpreted that the increasing of clothing level results decrement of heat loss from human body, and is available to achieve same thermal comfort at lower room temperature. It was analyzed that the floor sitting style is more economical residential style than the chair sitting style, because the energy consumption of the floor sitting style is saved by 6.0% in average to compare with that of the chair sitting style. It is analyzed that energy consumption has been decreased by 13.5% with the clothing level of 1.2 Clo than with that of 1.0 Clo, and decreased by 18.0% than with that of 0.8 Clo, which explains that the energy saving can be achieved with the variation in life habit to increase the clothing level.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.145
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• pp.119-141
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• 2018

This paper is to address the consonance between Confucianism and Christianity, focusing on the first-generation clergy in Andong, North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Andong has turned out many Confucian scholars since Yi Hwang, and thus founded the school of Togye (Yi Hwang's nom de plume). Meanwhile, some of Confucians in Andong converted to Christianity after reading the Bible. Thus, their religious activities and their interpretation of the Bible Confucian factors smacked of Confucianism, which suggests a need to reestablish the relationship between Confucianism and Christianity. This study produced the following results: First, the converts did not aspire to Christianity itself but to saving their country. The first-generation clergy in Andong wanted to sublimate their patriotic and Confucian spirits into Christianity, which is backed up by the independence movement planned jointly by Confucians and Christians in Andong. As for Confucians in Andong, their devotion to their country was a cause of the conversion to Christianity. Second, it was small wonder that Christianity was harmonious with Confucianism at least for early Christianity in Andong. In those days, Confucians in Andong had to achieve their realistic goals and thus did not need to deny Christianity. To relieve the national suffering, they had more need of Christian religiosity than Confucian morality. Likewise, missionaries wanted to propagate Christianity, and therefore did not deny the worldliness of Confucianism. On this wise, the two kept their identities and at the same time could compensate for their shortcomings from each other. This study names such Korean Christianity a 'humanistic religion.'

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2019

When a fire occurs in a road tunnel, it is likely to develop into a major disaster because of its sealed structural characteristics. Because of this, a range of disaster prevention facilities should be installed, and they should show their appropriate functions in fire prevention and response. In addition, the installation of essential disaster prevention facilities is missing due to the lack of considering an extension of continuous tunnels and soundproof tunnels. For these reasons, it was judged that an amendment to the law would be necessary. Therefore, this paper reviewed the changes in domestic laws related to the disaster prevention facilities of road tunnels, and the results of the study on the parts that need to be revised in the fire-related laws through a comparative analysis between laws are as follows. First, consecutive tunnels should consider the sum of the extensions of the individual tunnels and ensure that the soundproof tunnels are included in the category of tunnels in the law. In this way, the necessary disaster prevention facilities should be installed. Second, it is necessary to secure a legal justification for installing disaster prevention facilities in tunnels. Therefore, it is essential that water mist fire extinguishing system facilities, emergency broadcasting facilities, and leading lights, which are excluded from installation in tunnels, are specified in the Fire-related laws. Third, to specify in the law that air respirators must be provided in the tunnel is necessary from the viewpoint of the field response. Accordingly, it will make a great contribution to the fire-fighting activities and the life-saving efforts by fire-fighters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.820-828
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• 2017

Tools and equipment that can provide buoyancy for a drowning person are important for saving lives. The purpose of this study was to estimate the minimum amount of gas needed and the buoyancy value in newton units required to generate the minimum buoyancy determined to be sufficient for keeping the head of a drowning person above the water's surface to allow for respiration for at least 1 minute. A buoyancy experiment was carried out with a long rubber balloon injected with carbon dioxide gas, and a buoyancy measurement experiment was performed on six college students. The degree of buoyancy was measured using a 5-point scale, and the statistical value of the measured data was analyzed to estimate minimum buoyancy. As a result, 8 grams of carbon dioxide were determined to satisfy minimum buoyancy conditions with a confidence level of 72%, and buoyancy was calculated to be 44.66 newtons. 12 grams of carbon dioxide met the minimum buoyancy conditions with a confidence level of 100%, and buoyancy was calculated to be 66.99 newtons. This study is expected to contribute to the development of low cost, easy-to-carry minimum buoyancy aids.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.15
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• pp.67-88
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• 2008

In spite of a few numbers of Hyangga that is handed down today, Hyangga has diverse and abundant contents. So it is possible to survey Hyangga as a journey literature of the middle age. On this purpose we can inquire into the Hwarangs' group journey, because the Hwarang was one of the main enjoying group of Hyangga. Hwarangs' group journey shows many aspects. They made a journey for the public purpose like a tour of inspection of people's daily life and the fortresses of the country's peripheral areas. Also, they made a journey for personal purposes like enjoying the attractive view of the mountains and rivers or seeking pretty girls outside of the palace. On these journeys, Hwarang made and enjoyed Hyanggas. Among Hyanggas that remains today, Hyeseongga and Cheoyongga have a direct relation to Hwarang's journey. Hyeseongga was made to eliminate the calamities that occurred at the time of the start of a journey. It is expressed in this poem that Hwarang could take a peaceful trip with the condition that the celestial objects shed light on the earth path. As such, the trip becomes a sacred ceremony. Cheoyongga reflects the fact that the foreigner Cheoyong became Hwarang and toured the streets of Seorabeol, the capital of Shilla. The Cheoyong's bitterness of broken love is expressed in this poem. SongSadahamga and MoJukjirangga come under a broad category of Hwarang's journey literature. SongSadahamga is a farewell poem for Hwarang who leaves to fight on the battlefield. It was universal to make a journey for the fighting of a battle in Shilla period, so many Hyanggas would be made under those situations. MoJukjirangga has the content of Hwarang's trip for saving his follower who was taken by another senior. It expresses the intimate relationship between Hwarang and the follower. Though the words of the song have not been remained, Hyeongeumpogok, Daedogok, and Mungungok were created on the way of Hwarang's journey. These seem to be a series poems which have the proper characteristic features of the Hwarang's journey literature. In these poems, the king's open mind and liberal political views are reflected. In short, Hwarang created and enjoyed Hyanggas on the way of their journey, so Hyangga has the features of journey literature in Korean middle ages.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.57
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• pp.9-30
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• 2018

The paradigm of existence and recognition was changed in the context of modernity in Choi Han-gi's thought, in which the resource of all things and all affairs was not li but ki and li could be guessed from ki. And there are lis in the sphere of recognition as well as in that of existence in Choi Han-gi's thought, which might be different from traditional thought system such as Neo-Confutionism. li is called Yuhaenguili in his ontological theory and Chucheukuili as one epistemological part. At anyhow there are many lis, which may be approached as the meaning of mechanism, in his philosophy. Besides there are, not only ontologically but also epistemologically, energetic factors, named as Unhwaki, whch are generating, moving, changing and altering. In his Kihak as an ki categorical thought, above all one's experience is of importance. He believed moral act, for example the expose of saving mind that was called Cheukeunjisim by Mencius, could be derived from social experience or contact. And he thought that the recognition of moral act might be achieved by the action of mysterious energy names as sinki of the essence of mind. Like these aspects, all things and all ones have their active, movable, and changeable natures in the sphere of both existence and recognition in Choi Han-gi's thought. In this way he got out of the previous ideas and presented practical and modern way of life to us.