• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2009

Despite many studies on the production and perception of L2 phonemes, studies on how such phonemes are encoded lexically remain scarce. The aim of this study is to examine whether L2 learners have a perceptual problem with L2 suprasegmentals which are not present in their L1, or if they are able to perceive but not able to encode them in their lexicon. Specifically, Korean learners were tested to see if they could discriminate the vowel length differences in Japanese at the psychoacoustic level through a simple AX discrimination task. Then, a speeded lexical decision task with high phonetic variability was conducted to see whether they could use such contrasts lexically. The results showed that Korean learners of Japanese have no difficulties in discriminating Japanese vowel length contrast, but they are unable to encode such contrast in their phonological representation, even with long L2 exposure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.295-322
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to present a scheme to encode all possible lexical entities in dictionaries, glossaries, encyclopedias, and thesaurus, etc. First, it discussed the nature and structure of dictionaries. Second, two current major terminological data encoding schemes, MARTIF and TEI were analyzed in terms of their flexibility for extension to encompass all lexical entities. Third, an integrated microstructure of dictionaries was presented and compared with the MARTIF and TEI for print dictionaries. Then, the need and 17 suggestions for extended MARTIF and TEI formats were addressed with specific cases, which combined with the suggestions from two studies concerning MARTIF and TEI DTD modification for the markup of Korean dictionary entries.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-40
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• 2002

This study is to examine brain regions that are involved in picture encoding in normal adults using fMRI methods. In Scan 1, the picture encoding was studied during a semantic categorization task in comparison with word. In Scan 2 task type effects were studied both during a picture naming task and during a semantic categorization task with pictures. Subjects were asked to make decision either by pressing a mouse button (Scan 1) or by responding subvocally (naming or saying yes/no) (Scan 2). Regardless of stimulus type, left prefrontal, bilateral occipital, and parietal activations were observed during semantic processing in comparison with fixation baseline. Processing of word stimulus relative to picture resulted in activations in prefrontal and parieto-temporal regions in the left side while that of picture stimulus relative to word resultd in activations in bilateral extrastriatal visual cortices and parahippocampal regions. In spite of the same task demands, stimulus-specific information processings were involved and mediated by different neural substrates; the word encoding was associated with more semantic/lexical processings than pictures and the picture processing associated with more perceptual and novelty related information processings than word. Activations of dorsal part of inferior prefrontal region, i.e., Broca's areas were found both during the picture naming and during the semantic tasks subvocally performed Especially, during the picture naming task, greater occipital activations were found bilaterally relative to the semantic categorization task. indicating a possibility that greater and higher visual processing was involved in retrieving the name referred by picture stimuli.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-182
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• 2001

In this paper, we describe a design and implementation of the Wireless Markup Language(WML) compiler to deploy wireless Internet services effectively. The WML compiler translates textual WML decks into binary ones in order to reduce the traffic on wireless links that have relatively low bandwidth to wireline links and mitigate the processing overhead of WML decks on, wireless terminals that have relatively low processing power to fixed workstations. In addition, it takes over the overhead of eXtensible Markup Language(XML) well-formedness and validation processes. The WML compiler consists of the lexical analyzer and parser modules. The granunar for the WML parser module is LALR(1) context-free grammar that is designed based on XML 1.0 and WML 1.2 DTD(Document Type Definition) with the consideration of the Wireless Application Protocol Binary XML grammar. The grammar description is converted into a C program to parse that grammar by using parser generator. Even though the tags in WML will be extended or WML DTD will be upgraded, this approach has the advantage of flexibility because the program is generated by modifying just the changed parts. We have verified the functionality of the WML compiler by using a WML decompiler in the public domain and by using the Nokia WAP Toolkit as a WAP client. To measurethe compressibility gain of the WML compiler, we have tested a large number of textual WML decks and obtained a maximum 85 %. As the effect of compression is reduced when the portion of general textual strings increases relative to one of the tags and attributes in a WML deck, an extended encoding method might be needed for specific applications such as compiling of the WML decks to which the Hyper Text Markup Language document is translated dynamically.