• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.10 s.171
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• pp.867-880
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• 2006

Hydrological models with many parameters and complex model structures require a powerful and detailed model calibration/validation scheme. In this study, we proposed a multi-variable and multi-site calibration and validation framework for the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model applied in the Gap-cheon catchment located downstream of the Geum river basin. The sensitivity analysis conducted before main calibration helped understand various hydrological processes and the characteristics of subcatchments by identifying sensitive parameters in the model. In addition, the model's parameters were estimated based on existing data prior to calibration in order to increase the validity of model. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients and correlation coefficient were used to estimate compare model output with the observed streamflow data: $R_{eff}\;and\;R^2$ ranged 0.41-0.84 and 0.5-0.86, respectively, at the Heuduck station. Model reproduced baseflow estimated using recursive digital filter except for 2-5% overestimation at the Sindae and Boksu stations. Model also reproduced the temporal variability and fluctuation magnitude of observed groundwater levels with $R^2$ of 0.71 except for certain periods. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of multi-variable and multi-site method provided high confidence for the structure and estimated parameter values of the model.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.183-206
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• 2012

Changing social conditions have resulted in a situation where elderly patients are no longer cared for by family and where medical care hospitals play a more prominent role. In this study, the unique elements of the medical service required from a long term care hospital were identified using conventional and exploratory analysis, and the causal relationship between medical service quality, relationship quality, and Revist intent was confirmed. The intermediary role and the quantitative importance of relationship quality (including trust and commitment) were also characterized. This study identifies the key points and indicators that the administrators of a long term care hospital can use to effectively plan their medical service offering in order to secure the commitment of customers through relationship quality. The theoretical indications of this study are set out below. First, four factors are selected as being the key elements determining service quality: medics, administrative service, healthcare environment, and subsidiary facilities. Second, it seems that medics, administration service, and the healthcare environment have some effect on the evaluations made in relation to trust and satisfaction (subsidiary facilities are not considered to be a key element). Third, patient satisfaction has a positive impact on trust and commitment and can be regarded as a key element for establishing connections. Fourth, commitment is likely to be strengthened when trust is significant. Fifth, as trust and commitment increase, revist intent strengthens. Lastly, this study illustrates how the levels of trust and commitment play a modulating role between patient satisfaction and revist intention. There are many practical indications from the findings of this study. First, the influences of medics, the administrative service, and the healthcare environment on trust and satisfaction vary. Especially, the healthcare environment is likely to be more important than medics. Accordingly, it is essential to establish an elderly-friendly environment, to improve a hospital's structure, and to maintain a clean environment. Second, medics must show compassion to their patients and be patient when providing explanations to elderly patients who often lack powers of concentration. Third, in order to establish patient trust, it is essential that medics provide an excellent medical service. Ultimately, these elements of relationship quality may strengthen the revist intention of elderly patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.22-33
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to discuss geographic information policies and strategies of British government and suggest effective policies for Korea National GIS project GIS that has been implemented geographic information infrastructures into public sectors and private markets for the last ten years. To obtain the research aim, this paper reviews the main factors of the Britain GIS project such as distribution structure and process of GI markets, government policies and strategies that are led by Ordnance Survey, most leading mapping agency in the UK. In conclusion, some issues have been explored with reference to the experiences of the Britain GIS projects. The first of these is the nature of geographic information and the second concerns the notion of the circulation policies of spatial data, and the last proposes Korea GIS policies and strategies for successful geographic information and spatial data implementation. The findings of the analysis of the Britain GIS development indicate that a shift began to take place from central government coordinate toward more extensive utilization of private and commercial sectors. This reflects both the increasing importance of geospatial data circulation in all levels of GIS stakeholders. Finally these discussions are particularly to be the issues where multi-agency collaboration of Korea government is concerned and can take the form of joint ventures by consortiums of both involving data producers and data users in order to increase commercial participation for value-added geospatial items, and to encourage both research and development sectors with low or free price policies.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 1993

Nowaday, there have a lot of changes in the demands of the aged persons. Their problems also came to the fore with diverse forms under the influences of industrialization, urbanization and nuclear family. To make the matter worse, the aged population is mounting rapidly. Also, such structure as nuclear family is widely disseminating uncomfortable to the aged. People is mainly being guided by self interest above everything else. Indeed, they had, all together, bad effects on our traditional value system regarding 'respect for the aged and devotion to patients'. It seems unfortunately obvious that the family responsibility is gradually weakening to support the old who is a dependent family. The result is that the aged must have suffered all sorts of hardships in lightenning psychological, physical and economical difficulties. First, to grasp the situations and conditions supporting for single aged persons from each view of psychological, emotional, family-relational, healthy, social and economical standpoints, and second, to analyze their own recognition levels thinking of their health conditions and the relationships between the supporting environments of old family dependants and their psychological healths and then finally, to propose suggestions being able to be helpful for living comfortably in an old age and thereby, building up good family relation. The statistical techniques used to analyze 115 respondents living in Puchun city are frequency, $x^2$ test, t-Jest, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficiency and Regression analysis (SPSS package), pertnent to prove the hypothesis suggested in this paper. Of course, it is needless to say that more data are needed on this point. However, several main research findings can be summarized as follows: First, the better single aged persons may be in the habit of eating a meal and the higher they may think of their physical health conditions and movement, the more they want to participate in economic activities to be free from economical dependence upon their children and to overcome lonliness. Second, single aged women appear to have had higher ability to take care their health for themself than single aged men do. It is why signle aged women do not, in general, have big problems to manage their health. But, as shown in this paper, single aged person"s were more liable to the diseases of the aged and, thereby, requiring special medical treatment badly to be healthy. Third. single aged persons revealed potential desires to free themself from socio economic dependence upon their children even in simple labor Job which can draw a monthly salary of about W200, 000. Fourth, they are generally satisfied with their children's filial piety toward them. Nonethless, most of them appear to be reluctantly dependent upon their children and live lonly lives very much. Fifth, they seem to have some hesitation in expressing their candid opinions as that then are some others along with family environmental factors for psychological and emotiona stability. Accordingly, it is safe to conclude by saying that much attention should' be paid no only to socio-economic supports and better medical services for the aged but also to political supports of the society and towards their children for the aged's emotiona support, for improving the quality of their lives in old age and promoting efficiency in suporting for old family dependants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.261-273
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community of post-weaning dairy calves in response to five diets varying in corn silage (CS) inclusion. Methods: A total of forty Holstein weaned bull calves (80±3 days of age;128.2±5.03 kg at study initiation) were randomized into five groups (8 calves/group) with each receiving one of five dietary treatments offered as total mixed ration in a 123-d feeding study. Dietary treatments were control diet (CON; 0% CS dry matter [DM]); Treatment 1 (T1; 27.2% CS DM); Treatment 2 (T2; 46.5% CS DM); Treatment 3 (T3; 54.8% CS DM); and Treatment 4 (T4; 67.2% CS DM) with all diets balanced for similar protein and energy concentration. Results: Results showed that calves offered CS had greater average daily gain, body length and chest depth growth, meanwhile altered rumen fermentation indicated by decreased rumen acetate concentrations. Principal coordinate analysis showed the rumen bacterial community structure was affected by varying CS inclusion diets. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the calf rumens across all treatments. At the genus level, the abundance of Bacteroidales_RF16_group was increased, whereas Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae was decreased for calves fed CS. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation test between the rumen bacteria and rumen fermentation parameters indicated that Bacteroidales_RF16_group and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae were positively correlated with propionate and acetate, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that diet CS inclusion was beneficial for post-weaning dairy calf growth, with 27.2% to 46.5% CS of diet DM recommended to achieve improved growth performance. Bacteroidales_RF16_group and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae play an important role in the rumen fermentation pattern for post-weaning calves fed CS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2005

Neuronal apoptotic events, which result in cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Estradiol is a female sex hormone with steroid structure known to provide neuroprotection through multiple mechanisms in the central nervous system. This study was aimed to investigate the signal transduction pathway of $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal cell death and the inhibitory effects of estradiol. Administration of $CoCl_2$ decreased cell viability in both a dose- and time-dependent manner in PC12 cells. $CoCl_2$-induced cell death produced genomic DNA fragmentation and morphologic changes such as cell shrinkage and condensed nuclei. It was found that $CoCl_2$-treated cells increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as caspase-8, -9 and -3 activities. However, pretreatment with estradiol before exposure to $CoCl_2$ prevented the reduction in cell viability reduction and attenuated DNA fragmentation and morphologic changes caused by $CoCl_2$. Furthermore, the $CoCl_2$-induced increases of ROS levels and caspases activities were attenuated by estradiol. Gene expression analysis revealed that estradiol blocked the underexpression of the Bcl-2 and ameliorated the increase in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm and Fas-ligand (Fas-L) upregulated by $CoCl_2$. These results suggest that $CoCl_2$ induce apoptosis in PC12 cells through both mitochondria- and death receptor-mediated cell death pathway. Estradiol was found to have a neuroprotective effect against $CoCl_2$-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of ROS production and by modulating apoptotic effectors associated with the mitochondria- and death-dependent pathway in PC12 cells.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.281-297
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• 2016

In order to make a treatment plan and outcome prediction, it is important to evaluate accurately and objectively osseous tissues of the implant area. The evaluation of osseous tissues is the most objective method for the decision of production time of upper structure of alveolar bone. However, the evaluation of osseous tissues contains contradiction because it is made by subjective opinions of dental surgeons. Many dentists also point out the problem of subjective evaluation of osseous tissues. Therefore, it is necessary to create accurate and objective standards. Previously, the evaluation of bone density depends on dentist's subjective sensation during drilling procedure of implant. However, the HU(Hounsfield unit) figure of CT(computed tomography) scan allows of objective and precise categorization of bone density now. Misch and Kircos divided the bone density levels from D1 to D5 with subjective separation of bone density. Their method also depended on not objective and quantification data but subjective separation by sensation. Thus, we need the evaluation of implant area through comparative analysis of more objective and quantification data. Implant treatment comprises the highest frequency of medical disputes of dental clinic. If we bring objective checkup and reasonable treatment method in the implant treatment, we can deduce more reasonable results, and the failure late of implant treatment also can decrease. The ultimate objective of this study is the minimization of dental disputes between dental patients and dentists by creating new legal standards on the basis of objective and quantification data.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.793-799
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• 2023

This study classifies the types of urban railway stations that reflect the location characteristics of urban railway stations, the structure and form of station taxes, and the number of users, and the level of inconvenience in the transfer movement line for users by station type, the number and connectivity of transfer information, and the level of transfer convenience facilities. The number of installations, conflicts between users, and transfer information signs were analyzed. As a result of data analysis, it was found that the factors that cause the most inconvenience to urban rail users when transferring are the length and curvature of the transfer line, pedestrian density and number of passengers in the transfer passage, presence or absence of transportation convenience facilities, and the size and height of transfer information letters. These transfer inconveniences were objectified, quantified, and presented as evaluation indicators that can measure the transfer convenience of urban railway stations. Additionally, an evaluation scale was developed to measure the service level for each evaluation indicator. The evaluation scale for each indicator presented six levels by applying linear interpolation based on the maximum and minimum values of data derived through field surveys. However, it is judged that a comprehensive evaluation of transfer convenience that combines the importance and weight of each convenience evaluation indicator should be established through future research.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.359-374
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• 2002

Objectives : To develop a physical functioning instrument for older adults living in the community. Methods : A representative sample of 979 people aged 65 years or over were interviewed in-person. Of these, 199 people also completed a detailed in-hospital examination. The scale items were selected based on the frequency of endorsement, along with the item-total and inter-item correlations. The associations of the scale with their physical performance and clinical examination were analyzed to evaluate the criterion-related validity. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis, and internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. Test-retest reliability was measured by agreement between the household survey and the repeat survey at the in-hospital examination. Results : Initially, 23 items on the level of difficulty, ranging from no difficulty to an inability to complete a task, with the specific mobility and self-care tasks were included. Those with a high frequency of endorsement and a low inter-item or item-total correlations were excluded, resulting in a 10-item Physical Functioning (PT) scale. Equal weights were given to each item and a summated score was calculated. Significant associations were found between the PF scores and the physical performance, surrey and clinical data. The scale revealed a 2-factor (mobility and self-care) structure. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and the item-total correlations were in the 0.63 to 0.78 range. Pearson's correlations for the test-retest ranged between 0.56 and 0.61. Conclusions : The newly developed Physical Functioning (PF) scale showed good psychometric properties in older people. Further work, however, is needed to improve its sensitivity to discriminate higher levels of functioning, in addition to assessing its predictive value in detecting changes in health.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1980

Linear models, with and without site variables, have been investigated in order to develop an alternative methodology for determining optimal fertilizer levels. The resultant models are : (1) Model I is an ordinary quadratic response function formed by combining the simple response function estimated at each site in block diagonal form, and has parameters [${\gamma}^{(1)}_{m{\ell}}$], for m=1, 2, ${\cdots}$, n sites and degrees of polynomial, ${\ell}$=0, 1, 2. (2) Mode II is a multiple regression model with a set of site variables (including an intercept) repeated for each fertilizer level and the linear and quadratic terms of the fertilizer variables arranged in block diagonal form as in Model I. The parameters are equal to [${\beta}_h\;{\gamma}^{(2)}_{m{\ell}}$] for h=0, 1, 2, ${\cdots}$, k site variable, m=1, 2, ${\cdots}$ and ${\ell}$=1, 2. (3) Model III is a classical response surface model, I. e., a common quadratic polynomial model for the fertilizer variables augmented with site variables and interactions between site variables and the linear fertilizer terms. The parameters are equal to [${\beta}_h\;{\gamma}_{\ell}\;{\theta}_h$], for h=0, 1, ${\cdots}$, k, ${\ell}$=1, 2, and h'=1, 2, ${\cdots}$, k. (4) Model IV has the same basic structure as Mode I, but estimation procedure involves two stages. In stage 1, yields for each fertilizer level are regressed on the site variables and the resulting predicted yields for each site are then regressed on the fertilizer variables in stage 2. Each model has been evaluated under the assumption that Model III is the postulated true response function. Under this assumption, Models I, II and IV give biased estimators of the linear fertilizer response parameter which depend on the interaction between site variables and applied fertilizer variables. When the interaction is significant, Model III is the most efficient for calculation of optimal fertilizer level. It has been found that Model IV is always more efficient than Models I and II, with efficiency depending on the magnitude of ${\lambda}m$, the mth diagonal element of X (X' X)' X' where X is the site variable matrix. When the site variable by linear fertilizer interaction parameters are zero or when the estimated interactions are not important, it is demonstrated that Model IV can be a reasonable alternative model for calculation of optimal fertilizer level. The efficiencies of the models are compared us ing data from 256 fertilizer trials on rice conducted in Korea. Although Model III is usually preferred, the empirical results from the data analysis support the feasibility of using Model IV in practice when the estimated interaction term between measured soil organic matter and applied nitrogen is not important.