• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997

In order to analyze the shifts in the volume and profits of Computed Tomography(CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) utilization for a year before and after the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, this study has been undertaken examining CT and MRI cost data from 'Y' University Hospital situated in Seoul, Korea. Following are the results of this study: 1. The medical insurance payment for CT, implemented on January 1, 1996, increased CT utilization from January 1996 to April 1996 due to low insurance premiums: however, from May 1996 the number of CT cases significantly decreased as a result of strengthened medical cost reviews and the new 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' announced near the end of April 1996 by the insurer. 2. Since the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT fee reduction rates for reimbursements by the insurer to the hospital were 50% and 40% for January and February, respectively, and 31% and 15% for March and April. A significant point in the lowering of the reduction rate was reached in May at 11%; furthermore, since June the reduction rate fell below the average reduction rate for reimbursements for all procedures. If the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' had been announced before the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT utilization would not have been so high due to the need to meet those 'standards'. In addition, loss of hospital profits resulting from the reduction for reimbursements would not have occurred. 3. The shifts in MRI utilization showed that there was no particular change with the beginning of insurance coverage for CT, and the introduction of the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' made MRI utilization increase because MRI is free of restrictions imposed by the insurer. 4. The relationship between CT utilization and MRI utilization showed that they were supplementary to each other before insurance coverage for CT, but that CT was substituted for MRI because of strengthened medical cost reviews after t~e beginning of insurance coverage for CT. 5. The shifts in volume by patient characteristics showed that the number of inappropriate case patients, according to the insurer's "Standards for approval", decreased more than the number of appropriate case patients after the introduction of insurance coverage for CT. Therefore, the health insurance fee schemes for CT have influenced patient care. 6. The shifts in profits from CT utilization showed a net profit decrease of 31.6%. In order to match the pre-coverage profit level, 5,471 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 32.7%. This profit decrease resulted from a decrease of CT utilization and low reimbursements. With insurance coverage, net profits from CT were 24.4%, and a margin of safety ratio was 39.6%. Because of the net profits and margin of safety ratio, CT utilization fees for insured appropriate cases could not be considered inappropriate. 7. The shifts in profits from MRI utilization before and after the introduction of CT coverage showed that in order to match pre-CT coverage profit levels, 2,011 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 9.2%. The reasons for needing to increase the number of cases and productivity result from cost burdens created by adding new MRI units. But with CT coverage already begun, MRI utilization increased. Combined with a minor increase in the MRI fee schedule, MRI utilization showed a net profit increase of 18.5%. Net profits of 62.8% and a 'margin of safety ratio' of 43.1% for MRI utilization showed that the hospital relied on this non-covered procedure for profits. 8. The shifts in profits from CT and MRI utilization showed the net profits from CT decreased by 2.33billion Won while the net profits from MRI increased by 815.7million Won. Overall, these two together showed a net profit decrease of 1.51billion Won. The shifts in utilization showed a functional substitutionary relationship, but the shifts in profits did not show a substitutionary relationship. From these results, We can conclude that if insurance is to be expanded to include previously uncovered procedures using expensive medical equipment, detailed standards should be prepared in advance. The decrease in profits from the shifts in coverage and changes in fees is a difficult burden that should be shared, not carried by the hospital alone. Also, a new or improved fee schedule system should include revised standards between items listed and the appropriateness of the fee schedule should constantly be ensured. This study focused on one university hospital in Seoul and is therefore limited in general applicability. But it is valuable for considering current issues and problems, such as the influence of CT coverage on hospital management. Future studies will hopefully expand the scope of the issues considered here.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1059-1060
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• 2009

We have investigated the pristine alkali metal doping effect which is the Fermi level of alkali metal doped Alq3 shifts toward the LUMO. In-situ measurements of synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the interface dipole or bend bending in previous reports are not the pristine alkali metal doping effect

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.789-799
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• 2019

In this paper, we deal with unicity of a nonconstant zero-order meromorphic function f(z) and its shift f(qz) when they share four distinct values IM or share three distinct values with multiplicities truncated to level 4 in the extended complex plane, where $q{\in}\mathbb{C}{\setminus}\{0\}$. We also give an uniqueness result for f(z) sharing sets with its shift.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2006

The effects of various temperature shifts on the kinetics of the humoral antibody response in oliver flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, immunised with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda, were determined by measuring the antibody production in vivo and in vitro. When fish acclimated to a high temperature and immunised at that temperature were transferred to a lower temperature (22℃ to 12℃) at a various times after immunisation, the fish showed a weaker immune response than that achieved when the fish were kept at a high environmental temperature. However, in the converse experiment (12℃ to 22℃), the magnitude of the humoral immune response was recovered independent of the time of the transfer after immunisation at low temperature, even though the peak levels of each transferred group did not reach the level found in the positive control group that was maintained and immunised at a high environmental temperature. Hence, these studies provide some evidence that the potential for antibody production in B cells of oliver flounder immunized at high temperature is not impaired by subsequent exposure to low temperature.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.55-79
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• 2013

This study primarily focused on the opportunity realization process of a korean venture firm based on university. This research examined the relationship between entrepreneurial intent and organizational learning produced in a sustainable opportunity realization process with technology/market domain shifts. Therefore, this research explores the determinants of sustainable growth of a venture firm at the organizational level and suggests optimal solutions for promoting entrepreneurial intent and opportunity realization for many entrepreneurs. The results showed that CEO's entrepreneurial intent is a key driving factor that can positive impacts on opportunity recognition and organizational learning based on university's expertise. Furthermore, the orientation of a entrepreneur can affect venture's technology/market domain shift through the advanced technological knowledge of university. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the growth of a venture firm based on university suggesting more customized solutions for many entrepreneurs. Implications for the results and the future directions are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The study examined the effects of shift pattern and expertise on perceived workload and performance for aviation security screeners. 18 security screeners participated in this study, in which data were analyzed by dividing them into two groups (experts vs. less-experts). We measured their perceived workloads and performances (i.e., reading time through X-ray) as a function of shift pattern and time condition. As a result, highly experienced screeners (experts) showed high workload during the morning shift, while lowly experienced screeners (less-experts) reported high workload during the full-day and the afternoon shifts. In addition, less-experts took a longer time to inspect the baggage when they worked for the full-day and the afternoon shifts. Particularly, in the last time slot of the full-dat shift, expert screeners had a high workload, while both groups showed a high-level of workload at around 17:30 in the afternoon shift.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2020

This study developed augmented reality contents for assembly of automobile engine parts for blended learning and confirmed the usefulness of educational effects through questionnaire.The curriculum for automobile engine assembly was designed and the shape, location, and assembly order of parts to be assembled according to each curriculum were developed as augmented reality contents. The AR simulations are combined with learner-centered collaborative activities so that students are actively involved in knowledge acquisition. The teachers' role, therefore, shifts. Rather than delivering direct instruction, they take on the role of facilitator, allowing them to personalize learning according to student performance, learning preferences and learning goals. As the responsibility of knowledge acquisition shifts to the students, higher level skills such as complex problem solving, social skills, process skills, systems skills and cognitive abilities are deepened and reinforced.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2006

The relaxed torsional potential of a liquid crystalline polymer containing an ester functional group in a mesogenic unit (hereafter 12-4 oligomer) has been calculated with the ab initio self-consistent-field using 6-31G$^*$ basis set. GIAO^{13}C NMR chemical shifts also have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G$^*$ level of theory for each conformational structure obtained from torsional potential calculation. The results show that the phenyl ring-ester linkages are coplanar with the dihedral angle of about 0$^{\circ}$ and the ring-ring linkages in the biphenyl groups are tilted with the dihedral angle of around 43-44$^{\circ}$ in the lowest energy conformer. The biphenyl ring has a comparatively lower energy barrier of internal rotation potential in the ring-ring than that of phenyl ring-ester. The ^{13}C chemical shifts of carbonyl carbons were found to move to upfield due to $\pi$ -conjugation with phenyl ring and slightly affected about 0.5 ppm by dihedral angle of the ring-ring linkage.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.1006-1009
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• 2017

We discuss the problems of scattering in this framework, and show that the applied method is very useful in the investigation of the effect of the resonance in the observed scattering cross sections. In this study, not only the scattering cross sections but also the decomposition of the scattering cross sections was computed for the ${\alpha}-{\alpha}$ system. To obtain the decomposition of scattering cross sections into resonance and residual continuum terms, the complex scaled orthogonality condition model and the extended completeness relation are used. Applying the present method to the ${\alpha}-{\alpha}$ and ${\alpha}-n$ systems, we obtained good reproduction of the observed phase shifts and cross sections. The decomposition into resonance and continuum terms makes clear that resonance contributions are dominant but continuum terms and their interference are not negligible. To understand the behavior of observed phase shifts and the shape of the cross sections, both resonance and continuum terms are calculated.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2022

Background: This study aims to allow the development of efficient measures to improve occupational health of shift-working nurses focusing on job stress, health promotion behavior, resilience, and sleep disturbance. Methods: It was conducted on a subject panel of 137 nurses who were aware of the purpose of the study and agreed to participate. They worked three shifts at a tertiary hospital or a general hospital located in metropolitan city B. The collected data were analyzed by the independent t test and one-way analysis of variance and post-tested by Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results: The significant influencing factors on sleep disturbance were of those whose subjective health status was 'normal' (b = 0.29, p < .001), 'not healthy' (β = .40, p < .001), who have job stress (β = .22, p = .003), and who have health promotion behavior (β = -0.17, p = .023). The overall explanatory power was 31.1% (F = 16.31, p < .001). Conclusion: Through this study, nurses' subjective health status and job stress of working shifts were found to be important factors influencing the sleep disturbance level, and the most influencing factor was identified as the subjective health status.