• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2011

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Yukmijihwangtanggamibang (YMJHTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of YMJHTGMB (Yield = 16.33%) wasadministered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to YMJHTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no YMJHTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of YMJHTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1019-1026
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• 2010

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Iijintanggami-bang (IJTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various digestive disorders including reflux esophagitis, in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of IJTGMB (Yield = 8.45%) was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principal organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to IJTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no IJTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of IJTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Sobokchuko-tang (SBC) in male and female mice. Methods: Aqueous extract of SBC (yield=6.60%) was administered to female and male mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were also examined. Results: we could not find any SBC treatment related mortality and clinical signs, changes in the body and organ weights, gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs, except for pharmacological immunomodulatory effects related findings including significant increases of submandibular lymph node weights, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in the submandibular lymph nodes restrictly detected in 2,000 mg/kg treated female and male mice with some sporadic accidental findings. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of SBC aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines, and can be safety used in clinics.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1988

To investigate the antimicrobial activities and safety of natural naringin, it was isolated with methanol from peels of Citri fructus. Its hydrolysate, naringenin was obtained by hydrolysis of naringin. In the antimicrobial activities of two components against eleven species of bacteria and eleven species of Fungi were examined by serial dilution method. Its result appeared to the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and the antimicrobial activities of naringin and naringenin were compared. Naringenin showed considerably high order of activities against bacteria. There were no effect against Fungi $(MIC>100{\mu}g/ml)$. In the safety tests of naringin, examined for 50% lethal dose, Blood clinical chemical tests and organ tissue tests. The results showed that 50% lethal does in mice was 1,650 mg/kg. The experiments of administration in rats showed that there were no changes in blood clinical chemical future and organ tissue as control.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.539-553
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• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain accurate information (single oral dose toxicity) of Lonicerae Flos (LF; Dried flower bud parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb (Caprifoliaceae)), which has traditionally been used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : 1. After single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. 2. Slight diarrhea was detected in most mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts and male mice of LF aqueous extracts 1,000 mg/kg within 2 days after end of treatment, respectively. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of LF aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg, the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, we also observed the possibility of digestive disorders like diarrhea when over 1,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts were administered in the present study.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2015

Objectives To assess the safety of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture by analyzing the potential single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at various dose levels in SD (Spraque-Dawley) rats and Beagle dogs. Methods For evaluation of single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture, 40 SD rats (20 male and 20 famale) and 4 Beagle dogs (2 male and 2 female) were used. The rats were divided in four groups of 10 each, and treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg in distilled water, and distilled water as a vehicle control group, respectively. The Beagle dogs were divided into two groups of 2 each, and treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.15, and 0.3 mg/kg in distilled water, respectively, and signs of toxicity were observed. After a wash-out period of 3 days, the procedure was repeated with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg in distilled water, respectively. Mortality, body weight changes, and necropsy findings were examined during the study period. Results There were no mortalities in either the SD rats or Beagle dogs. There were also no significant differences in adverse effects, body weight, or necropsy findings between the Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture and control groups. Conclusions There results suggest that the lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD) value of the test substance Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture are higher than 1.2 mg/kg in SD rats and Beagle dogs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.676-685
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the single oral toxicity of Peucedani Radix (PR) ethanol extracts. PR is one of the important herbs for removal of phlegm, the viscous turbid pathological product that can accumulate in the body and cause a variety of diseases. However, research on the pharmacologic toxicity of PR is lacking. Methods: In this study, PR was orally administered to 5-week-old male ICR mice at an oral dose of 2,000, 3,000, or 5,000 mg/kg. After a single-dose administration, the mortality and behavioral changes were observed daily and body weights were measured every two days. After 14 days, the organ weight, organ index, macroscopy, hematological analysis, and serum biochemistry analysis were determined. Results: No mortality, body weight changes, abnormal behavioral changes, or anatomical signs of toxicity were found. The organ weight, organ index, hematological analysis, and serum biochemistry analysis were also within the normal ranges. Conclusions: These results suggest that the 50% lethal dose of PR is more than 5,000 mg/kg. This could indicate that PR is a safe drug without acute toxicity and side effects.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.186-199
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• 2013

Objectives : The objectives of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Red-Koji (Monascus purpureus 12002) Fermented Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (fSR), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, fSR powders were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14days after single oral treatment of fSR with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of fSR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD50 and ALD of fSR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg and can be safety used in clinics.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2022

The authors are making a prototype flexible board of a radio-frequency transmitter for measuring an electromyogram (EMG) of a flying moth and plan to apply for an experimental station license from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan in the summer of 2022. The goal is to create a continuous low-dose exposure standard that incorporates scientific and physiological functional assessments to replace the current standard based on lethal dose 50. This paper describes the technical evaluation of the hardware. The signal of a bipolar EMG electrode is amplified by an operational amplifier. This potential is added to a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (27 MHz, bandwidth: 4 kHz), frequency-converted, and transmitted from an antenna about 10 cm long (diameter: 0.03 mm). The power source is a 1.55-V wristwatch battery that has a total weight of about 0.3 g (one dry battery and analog circuit) and an expected operating time of 20 minutes. The output power is -7 dBm and the effective isotropic radiated power is -40 dBm. The signal is received by a dual-whip antenna (2.15 dBi) at a distance of about 100 m from the moth. The link margin of the communication circuit is above 30 dB within 100 m. The concepts of this hardware and the measurement data are presented in this paper. This will be the first biological data transmission from a moth with an official license. In future, this telemetry system will improve the detection of physiological abnormalities of moths.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.18-25
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• 2013

It may occur health hazards or death by suffocation or acute poisoning in case of oxygen deficiency in ambient or exposure to harmful gas. As a part of accident prevention, we studied the change of activity and lethal dose by changing the concentration of several hazardous gas with inhalation exposure chamber and laboratory animals. We investigated the lethality and motility change during either the 4 hrs whole body exposure to oxygen, nitrogen, toluene, $H_2S$, CO and 48 recovery. As results, it is estimated that 5% oxygen concentration as lethal concentration and 5.5% as $LC_{50}$ (rat, 4 hrs) with statistics for dose-response. The results of lethality in oxygen deficient condition (approximately 6%), the lethalities were 40%, 20% with 20 ppm $H_2S$, 600 ppm CO respectively, and was not increased the lethality with 8% CO. Thus, it was confirmed that the $H_2S$, CO had influence to lethal dose, while toluene had low fluence.