• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2006

The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of lyophilized water extract of Puerariae Radix (PR) in both male and female mice. In order to investigate the 50% lethal dose $(LD_{50})$, approximate lethal dosage (ALD), test substances were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2000 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines [2005-60, 2005]. The mortality and body weight changes, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing. Organ weight and histopathology of 12 principal organs were measured. As the results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings except for PR extracts unrelated sporadic findings. In addition, no abnormal changes related PR extracts treatment on the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were detected except for some sporadic findings including hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in the popliteal lymph nodes and spleen as pharmacological effects of PR extracts. The results obtained in this study suggest that the PR extracts does not cause any toxicological signs except for pharmacological effects of enhancement of Immune system. The $LD_{50}$ and ALD of PR extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.77-92
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• 2022

Aquaculture development is based on the ideas of increasing production while reducing economic losses. Bacterial diseases are the leading source of fish cases. Citrobacter freundii has been linked to septicemia and mortality all over the world. In the current study, the cause of mortality in O. niloticus was C. freundii MW279218. External hemorrhages were seen on the affected fish, as well as paleness in the liver and kidney congestion. C. freundii MW279218 had a median lethal dosage of 1.5×10⁵ CFU/mL. Zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were tested for their biocidal effectiveness against C. freundii MW279218. The lethal effect of ZnO-NPs for C. freundii MW279218 was 100% when compared to zinc oxide compound, and the inhibition zone width was 2.31.1mm at the highest tested concentrations (70 mg/L) compared to the lowest (35 and 45 mg/L, respectively). Fish were fed three different diets for 28 days: diet 1 (no additives), diet 2 (100 mg of ZnO-NPs/kg of feed), and diet 3 (200 mg of ZnO-NPs/kg of feed). Organs were also collected for histopathology 96 hours after injection (P<0.05). In the groups given 200 mg of ZnO-NPs, there was 10% mortality and 80% RPS. The group fed 100 mg of ZnO-NPs/kg, on the other hand, had 20% mortality and 60% RPS, compared to 50% mortality in the control positive group. Histopathological examinations demonstrated significant alterations in the control positive group and mild lesions in the hepatopancreas of the groups administered 100 mg ZnO-NPs/kg of feed. The groups fed 200 mg of ZnO-NPs/kg diet, on the other hand, showed no histological alterations. ZnO-NPs were found to be effective in the up regulation of both IL-10 and complement 5 immune-related genes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10705-10711
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• 2015

Oral cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. Combination chemotherapy coupled with nanoparticle drug delivery holds substantial promise in cancer therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosages of our novel pH and temperature sensitive doxorubicin-methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles (DOX-MTX NPs) with attention to the MMP-2 mRNA profile in a 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) model in the rat. Our results showed that both IV and oral dosages of DOX-MTX NP caused significant decrease in mRNA levels of MMP-2 compared to the untreated group (p<0.003). Surprisingly, MMP-2 mRNA was not affected in DOX treated compared to cancer group (p>0.05). Our results indicated that IV dosage of MTX-DOX is more effective than free DOX (12 fold) in inhibiting the activity of MMP-2 in OSCCs (P<0.001). Furthermore, MMP-2 mRNA expression in the DOX-MTX treated group showed a significant relation with histopathological changes (P=0.011). Compared to the untreated cancer group, we observed no pathological changes and neither a significant alteration in MMP-2 amount in either of healthy controls that were treated with oral and IV dosages of DOX-MTX NPs whilst cancer group showed a high level of MMP-2 expression compared to healthy controls (p<0.001).Taking together our results indicate that DOX-MTX NPs is a safe chemotherapeutic nanodrug that its oral and IV forms possess potent anti-cancer properties on aggressive tumors like OSCC, possibly by affecting the expression of genes that drive tumor invasion and metastasis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.102-113
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• 2006

Objectives & Methods : To obtain the 50% lethal dose(LD50), approximated lethal dose(ALD) and approximated target organs of 'Mahwangyounpae-tang' for further study into such things as repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, single dose toxicity was tested in male SD rats according to KFDA Guideline 1999-61[KFDA, 1999] at dosage levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg/$10m{\ell}$. In this study, mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and body weight gains, gross findings and weight of principal organs were detected during and/or after 14 days of single dosing. Results & Conclusions : After 2 or 3 days of dosing, 1 or 2 animals in 2,000 mg/kg-dosing groups died. Excitation and leaping response were observed as test article-treatment related clinical signs. These abnormal signs were restricted to 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing groups and survivors recovered to normal within 3 or 4 days after dosing. Significant decrease in body weight were observed in some periods of observation in 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group, from 1 days after dosing compared to those of vehicle control group. Significantly diminished body weight gains were observed in observation periods in 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group compared to those of vehicle control group. Hypertrophy and hemorrhage of heart and decoloration of kidney were observed as test article-treatment related gross findings. These abnormal findings were restricted to 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing groups. A significant increase of absolute and relative heart and kidney weight were demonstrated in 2,000 mg/kg-dosing groups. The value for LD50 found in this study was 2,218.57 mg/kg. ALD in this study was 2,000 mg/kg, and the target organs are considered to be the heart and the kidney.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2006

To obtain the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximated lethal dose (ALD) and approximated target organs of 'Mahwangyounpae-tang' for further study like repeat dose toxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, single dose toxicity was tested in male ICR mouse according to KFDA Guideline 1999-61 [KFDA, 1999] at a dosage level of 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and $125\;mg/kg/10m{\ell}$. In this study, mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and body weight gains, gross findings and weight of principal organs were detected during and/or after 14 days of single dosing. After 2 or 3 days of dosing, 1 or 2 animals in 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing groups were died. Excitation and leaping response were observed as test article-treatment related clinical signs. These abnormal signs were restricted to 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing groups and they were recovered to normal within 4 days after dosing in case of survivors. A significant decrease of body weight were observed in some periods of observation in 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group from 1 days after dosing compared to those of vehicle control group. A significant decrease of body weight gains were observed in observation periods in 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group compared to those of vehicle control group. Hypertrophy of heart and decoloration of kidney were observed as test article-treatment related gross findings. These abnormal findings were restricted to 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing groups. A significant increase of absolute and relative heart and kidney weight were demonstrated in 2,000 mg/kg-dosing groups. LD50 in this study was detected as 2,242.42 mg/kg. ALD in this study was detected as 1,000 mg/kg and the target organ was considered as the heart and kidney.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.650-657
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• 2011

The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Taraxaci Herba (Dried total parts of Taraxacum platycarpum. H.Dahlstedt (Compositae)), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 mg/kg according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. After single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. Except for slight soft feces, which were detected in male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts at 1 day after end of treatment. The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, it also observed that the possibility of digestive disorders, like diarrhea when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in the present study, but these possibilities of digestive disorders can be disregard in clinical use because they ate transient in the highest dosages male only.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

종자에 감마선 조사(0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 G y)를 실시한 후 768립과 972립의 종자를 각각 파종한 후 종자발아, 생장, 생존율 및 변이체 유발에 미치는 방사선량의 영향을 조사하였다. 술패랭이꽃은 90 Gy, 층꽃나무는 80 Gy 이상의 선량에서는 조사량이 증가될수록 발아가 지연되고 발아율도 저하되었다. 반치사선량은 술패랭이꽃 150 Gy, 층꽃나무는 100 Gy 수준이었다. 술패랭이꽃과 층꽃나무의 생장은 120 Gy 이상의 조사량에서 현저하게 억제 되었다. 술패랭이꽃은 $M_1$ 세대에서 17개의 변이체가 나타났으며, $M_2$ 세대에서 4개의 유망 변이체를 선발하였다. 층꽃나무는 $M_1$ 세대에서 7개의 변이체가 나타났으며, $M_2$ 세대에서 8개의 유망 변이체를 선발하였다.

• 화훼연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2008

옥잠화(Hosta plantaginea)와 털머위(Farfugium japonicum) 종자에 방사선을 조사하여 고품질의 변이종을 선발할 목적으로 실험을 수행하였다. 두 식물의 종자에 ${\gamma}-ray$를 10-30Gy로 조사한 후 파종하여 종자발아, 생장, 생존율 및 변이체 유발에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 옥잠화와 털머위 모두 20Gy 이상의 선량에서는 선량이 증가될수록 발아가 지연되고 발아율도 저하되었다. 반치사선량(半致死線量)은 옥잠화 30Gy, 털머위는 25Gy 수준이었다. 생장은 옥잠화, 털머위 모두 ${\gamma}-ray$ 10Gy 이상의 선량에서 왜화경향이 뚜렷하였다. 옥잠화는 $M_1$세대에서 166개의 변이체가 나타났으며, $M_2$ 세대에서 12개의 유망 변이체를 선발하였다. 털머위는 $M_1$세대에서 57개의 변이체가 나타났으며, $M_2$ 세대에서 9개의 유망 변이체를 선발하였다.

• 화훼연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

나리 돌연변이 육종을 위한 기초자료로서 구근, 종자, 화분의 방사선 감수성을 구명하고자 하였다. 'New Wave'외 6품종의 구근은 감마선에 매우 민감하였다. 무조사구는 개화하였으나 조사구에서는 생육이 크게 지연되었으며 화서는 전혀 형성되지 않았다. 'New Wave'와 'Tiny Dino'는 125Gy 조사구에서 생존은 하였으나 생육은 저조하였다. 'New Wave'와 'Tiny Dino'를 제외한 다른 품종들은 잎의 일부 또는 전부가 고사하였다. 품종별 인편의 수분함량은 72~78%이었다. 인편으로부터 자구 형성은 무조사구에서 100%, 조사된 구에서는 'Siberia' 50Gy 처리구에서만 8.5% 일어났다. 화분의 발아율은 감마선 조사에 의해 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. $F_1$ 'Augusta' 종자는 선량이 높아질수록 생존율은 급격히 떨어졌다. 자구는 무조사구에서만 형성되었으며 $LD_{50}$는 100Gy 미만이었다. 방사선 조사된 기내 $F_1$ 'Augusta'의 자구는 배양방법에 관계없이 구고와 구폭이 선량 증가와 함께 감소하였다. 신초 형성은 무조사구에서 100% 되었으나 다른 처리구에서는 15~16%로 떨어졌다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.422-428
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• 1999

Aromatic hydrocarbons can be utilized as carbon and energy sources by some microorganisms at lower concentrations. However, they can also act as stresses to these organisms at higher concentrations. Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 is capable of degrading 0.5 mM concentration of benzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate (4CBA). In this study, the exposure of Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 to the pollutant stresses of benzoate and 4CBA at various concentrations was comparatively studied for its cellular responses, including survival tolerance, degradability of the aromatics, and morphological changes. Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 utilized 0.5 to 1.0mM benzoate and 4CBA as carbon and energy sources for growth. However, the organism could not degrade the aromatics at concentrations of 3 mM or higher, resulting in reduced cell viability due to the destruction of the cell envelopes. Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 cells produced stress-shock proteins such as DnaK and GroEL when treated with benzoate and 4CBA at concentrations of 0.5mM, or higher as sublethal dosage; Yet, there were differing responses between the cells treated with either benzoate or 4CBA. 4CBA affected the degradability of the cells more critically than benzoate. The DnaK and GroEL stress-shock proteins were produced either by 1mM benzoate with 5 min treatment or by higher concentrations after 10min. The proteins were also induced by 0.5mM 4CBA, however, it needed at least 20min treatment or longer. These results indicate that the chlorination of benzoate increased the recalcitrance of the pollutant aromatics and changed the conditions to lower concentrations and longer treatment times for the production of stress-shock proteins. of stress-shock proteins produced by the aromatics at sublethal concentrations functioned interactively between the aromatics for survival tolerance to lethal concentrations.