• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2005

보훈병원 입원환자의 재원기간과 진료비분석을 위해 일개 보훈병원에서 2001년 1월부터 2003년 12월 31일까지의 입원환자를 대상으로 9,640명의 진료비 대장을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 조사대상자의 성별 분포는 남자 70.9%, 여자 29.1%로 남자의 비율이 여자보다 높았다. 연령별로는 70대이상 42.6%, 50-60대 31.8%, 20대이하 13.4%, 30-40대 12.1%로 나타났으며, 의료보장별로는 의료보험이 78.1%, 의료보호가 14.2%, 일반환자가 4.1%, 자보환자가 2.8%, 산재환자가 0.8%로 나타났다. 진료과목별 분포는 내과가 28.3%, 정형외과 21.3%, 외과 16.6%, 신경외과 7.1%, 소아과 5.9%로 나타났다. 보훈 대상자군의 성별분포는 남자 99.3%, 여자 0.7%이였으며, 연령별로는 70대 이상 51.6%, 50-60대 42.2%, 30-40대 4.7%. 20대이하 1.6%였으며, 지역별로 살펴보면 대전 거주자 1, 550명 43.5%, 충남 거주자 838명 23.5%, 충북 거주자 785명 22.0%순으로 나타났다. 2. 보훈병원 입원환자의 21대분류 상병분포는 손상, 중독 및 외인에 의한 특정기타 결과 17.1%, 소화기계의 질환 16.1%, 근골격계 및 결합조직의 질환 13.9%, 호흡기계 질환 9.4%, 비뇨 생식계의 질환 8.6%로 나타났다. 보훈대상자군을 21대 분류상병별로 보면 근골격계 및 결합조직의 질환 19.4%, 소화기계의 질환 16.8%, 손상, 중독 및 외인에 의한 특정 기타 결과 15.7%, 비뇨 생식계의 질환 9.7%, 순환기계 질환이 8.2%순으로 나타났다. 3. 평균 재원일수는 29.0일, 보훈대상자군 51.8일, 비대상자군은 15.7일이며, 총진료비는 평균 3,669,579원, 보훈대상자군 7,263,877원, 비대상자군 1,560,333원이다. 본인 및 보험자 부담비율은 55.2 : 44.8로 나타났고, 본인부담 비율은 보훈 대상자군의 경우 61.7%, 비대상군의 경우 33.0%였다. 4. 대분류 상병별 총진료비는 순환기계 질환 6,593,662원, 근골격계 및 결합조직의 질환 4,716,317원, 비뇨 생식계 질환 4,487,799원, 손상, 중독 및 외인에 의한 특정 기타 결과가 4,199618원이며, 항목별 진료비 구조는 입원료가 34.7%, 약제비 13.2%, 행위료 부분이 48.6%, 기타 3.4%로 나타났고, 항목별로는 입원료가 34.7%, 물리치료 및 처치료가 26.3%, 수술료 9.7%, 주사재료비 7.8%, 투약재료비 5.4%, 검사료 52%순으로 나타났다. 보훈대상자군의 경우 물리치료비 및 처치료 35.3%, 입원료 35.2%, 주사재료비 62%, 수술료 5.9%로 나타났으며, 비대상자군의 경우 입원료 35.7%, 수술료 16.4%, 주사재료비 11.4%, 검사료 8.3%로 나타났다. 5. 보훈대상자의 거주지와 병원간 거리별로 상병구조를 비교해 보았을 때 21.5Km내의 지역에서는 달리 분류되지 않은 증상, 징후와 임상 및 검사의 이상소견 56.0%, 손상, 중독 및 외인에 의한 특정 기타 결과 55.6%, 눈 및 눈 부속기의 질환 52.9%순으로 나타났고, 21.5km 밖의 지역에서는 신생물 57.4%, 근골격계 및 결합조직의 질환 55.9%, 비뇨생식계의 질환 53.5%순으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 보훈대상자의 70.6%가 60세 이상이고, 평균재원일수가 51.8일 점을 볼 때 보훈병원에 장기요양시설에 대한 대책이 절대적으로 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 총진료비가 높은 순환기 질환, 근골격계 질환, 신생물 등 만성질환 관리를 위한 노력이 필요하리라 생각된다. 상위 7개 질환군이 77.9%를 차지하고 있으므로 노인연령층에서 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 치사율이 높은 뇌혈관 및 심혈관의 순환기계 질환, 악성신생물, 그리고 불의의 사고를 주요 건강문제로 설정하여 뇌혈관 및 심혈관의 순환기계 질환은 적절한 신체적, 정신적, 사회적 활동유지를, 악성신생물의 경우는 만성질환 조기 발견 및 관리를, 불의의 사고와 관련해서는 장애 및 만성질환에 따른 불편의 최소화를 주요 목표로 하여 다양한 프로그램을 개발하여 시행해야 한다.

• 복식
• /
• 제4권
• /
• pp.87-114
• /
• 1981

A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제31권2호통권85호
• /
• pp.225-236
• /
• 2001

일반적으로 골의 형태와 구조는 부착 근육의 활성과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 알려져 있으며,특히 악안면 형태와 저작근 기능과의 관계는 많은 임상 및 동물 실험을 통해 연구되어 왔다. 초음파검사는 임상적 적용이 용이하고 비용이 저렴할 뿐만 아니라 환자에 대한 유해성이 적어 의학분야의 여러 영역에서 널리 이용되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 교근의 두께와 악안면 골격 형태와의 상관성을 평가하는 것으로, 강릉대학교 치과대학 남학생 35명과 여학생 15명을 대상으로 하였다. 교근의 두께 측정에는 7.5MHz의 고해상도 직선 탐촉자에 의한 초음파진단장치가 사용되었고, 악안면 골격 형태의 결정은 측방 두부계측방사선사진 분석을 통해 이루어졌다. 이상의 계측치로부터 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 1 남자에서 교근의 평균 두께는 안정 상태에서는 13.8${\pm}$1.71mm, 최대 교합 상태에서 14.8${\pm}$1.77mm였으며 여자에서는 안정 상태에서 11.6${\pm}$1.58mm, 최대 교합 상태에서 12.4${\pm}$1.47mm로 나타났다. 2. 교근의 두께는 남녀모두 안정 상태보다 최대 교합 상태에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 3. 교근의 두께는 안정 상태와 최대 교합 상태 모두에서 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 두꺼웠다(P<0.05). 4. 교근의 두께는 남자에서 안정 상태와 최대 교합 상태 모두 하악평면각과는 음의 상관 관계가 있고 하악지 고경, 전두개저 길이와는 양의 상관 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다(P<0.05). 5. 여자에서는 교근 두께와 유의한 상관 관계가 있는 두부계측방사선사진 분석 항목을 찾을 수 없었다(P<0.05). 이로써초음파검사는 악골 근육의 기능을 평가하는 전통적인 방법에 대해 추가적인 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.골 상실 증가에 따른 압하시 pure intrusion을 위한 후방견인력 변화는 다음과 같다. 1) 2 전치군과 4 전치군의 후방 견인력은 6 전치군의 후방 견인력에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 2) 치조골이 상실됨에 따라 각 치아군 후방견인력은 증가됨을 보였다. 4. 상악 전치부 치아군과 치조골 높이에 따른 저항중심의 수평적, 수직적 위치간 상관관계는 다음과 같다. 1) 2 전치군일 때, 치조골 상실에 따른 저항중심의 수직적 위치변화에 대한 수평적 위치 변화가 가장 크게 나타났다. 치아 수가 증가할수록 치조골 상실에 따른 저항중심의 수직적 위치 변화에 대한 수평적 위치변화는 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 2) 치조골 상실량이 커짐에 따라서는, 치아 수에 관계 저항중심의 수직적 위치변화에 대해 수평적 위치변화가 커졌다.라 일관성 있게 감소하였고, 제거속도는 Cu가 다른 원소에 비해 빨랐다. 제거속도는 FW 3개 수조 중 FW5&6에서 세 원소 모두 가장 느렸고, SW 3개 수조 중에서는 SW1&2에서 가장 빨랐다. SW와 FW간 제거속도 차이는 세 원소 모두 명확치 않았다 Cr은 FW에서 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 SW에서는 실험 초기에 감소하다 24시간 이후에는 증가 후 일정한 양상을 보였다. Pb은 FW에서 전반적으로 감소했지만 SW에서는 초기에 급격히 증가 후 다시 급격히 감소하는 양상을 보였다 Pb 또한 Cu, Cd, As와 마찬가지로 SW1&2에서 제거속도가 가장 빠르게 나타났다. FW 상층수 중 Hg는 시간에 따라 급격히 감소했고, 제거속도는 Fw5&6에서 가장 느렸다. 이러한 결과에 근거할 때 벼가 자라고 있고 이분해성 유기물이 풍부한 FW1&2, FW3&4 토양과 상층수에서는 유기물의 분해 활동이 활발하였지만, 벼가 경작되지 않는 FW5&6과 SW 에서는 유기물이 상대적으로 결핍되어 유기물의 분해활동이 적었을 것으로 판단된다.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 2016

DMSA 방사성의약품은 몸쪽 세뇨관과 주위 콩팥겉질 세포에 섭취되어 콩팥 겉질의 평가 및 영상화에 유용하게 사용되는 의약품으로 신우신염의 진단에 매우 예민도가 높은 검사여서 소아에게 많이 사용되고 있는 검사이다. 소아에게 투여되는 방사성 동위원소의 양은 미량이 되고 소아의 신체가 Field of View (FOV)에 대부분이 포함이 되는 만큼 방광에 소변이 차있게 된다면 그만큼 콩팥을 영상화하는데 영향을 미치게 됨을 연구를 통해 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 총 계수 설정법과 시간 설정법 중에 시간 설정법으로 연구를 진행하였다. 2015년 10월에서 12월까지 요로감염 및 신우신염이 의심되어 본원을 내원 및 입원하여 시행한 생후 1개월부터 12개월까지의 소아 34명을 대상으로 하였으며 환자에게는 동일한 선량 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi)를 각각의 환자에게 동일한 양을 주입 후 2~3시간 후 검사를 진행하였다. 이때 사용된 장비는 Siemens사의 Symiba E (Siemens Medical solution USA, Inc.) 장비를 사용하였고 영상의 분석하기 위하여 Syngo MI Applications VA60C 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 통계학적 분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics Ver. 21를 이용하여 분석하였으며 Paired t-test를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 검사는 한번의 검사에 7분의 시간으로 후면상을 획득하였으며 이후 자체 제작된 납을 이용하여 방광을 가린 후 추가로 동일한 시간으로 영상을 획득하였다. 영상 분석 시에 동일한 크기의 (가로 55.2 mm ${\times}$ 세로 70.0 mm)의 ROI (Region of Interest)를 설정하여 분석하였다. 콩팥의 계수는 (Lt. Kidney counts + Rt. Kidney counts) / Total counts의 백분율로 나타내어 계산하여 평가하였고. Background 수치는 같은 영상을 비교하기에 배제하고 연구를 진행하였다. 방광을 차폐시킨 후의 콩팥 계수는 $79.40{\pm}5.19%$ 방광을 차폐시키기 전의 콩팥 계수는 $70.87{\pm}3.18%$으로 나타났으며 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $8.52{\pm}3.29%$로 차폐시킨 후와 차폐시키기 전을 비교 분석하였을 때 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 주사 방법 중 3way stopcock를 이용하여 주사하였을 경우 차폐 후 콩팥 계수는 $78.10{\pm}4.61%$ 차폐 전 콩팥계수는 $68.92{\pm}2.80%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $9.18{\pm}3.53%$로 나타났으며 Heparin cap을 이용하였을 경우 차폐 후 $79.84{\pm}3.26%$, 차폐 전 $71.33{\pm}5.14%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $8.51{\pm}2.92%$로 나타났으며 마지막으로 직접 주사했을 경우 차폐 후 콩팥 계수는 $82.07{\pm}2.35%$, 차폐 전 콩팥 계수는 $75.11{\pm}4.30%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $6.96{\pm}2.78%$로 세 가지 방법 모두 차폐시킨 후와 차폐시키기 전을 비교 분석하였을 때 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 직접 주사, Heparin cap, 3way stopcock 순의 콩팥 계수율을 보임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 소아의 Renal DMSA scan검사 시에 방광의 방사능을 제거하여 방광을 차폐하였을 때 차폐하지 않았을 때보다 개선된 콩팥섭취율을 보였고 소아의 경우에 혈관 확보에 어려움이 있지만 직접 주입하거나 환자의 몸에 근접하도록 방사성 동위원소를 주입한다면 더 나은 영상 획득에 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.861-876
• /
• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• 공연문화연구
• /
• 제20호
• /
• pp.5-30
• /
• 2010

허규는 80~90년대 창극 연출을 담당하며 왕성한 활동을 전개한 바 있다. 그는 전승 5가 뿐만 아니라 실전 판소리를 창극화 하였으며, 창작 창극 작품도 다수 무대에 선보였다. 특히 '완판 창극'이라는 이름으로 1982년 <흥보전>을 무대에 올린 후 1985년 <적벽가>를 공연함으로써 전승 5가의 창극화 작업을 완결지은 것은 그가 남긴 큰 업적 가운데 하나이다. 허규는 주체적 민족문화의 정립과 한국 전통연희의 창조적 계승 문제에 많은 관심을 기울였던 실천적인 연극인이다. 그는 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립하고자 노력했다. 창극 작품은 그 연원에 따라, (1)전승 5가의 창극화 (2)실전 7가의 창극화 (3)창작 창극으로 세분해 볼 수 있다. 허규가 연출한 작품에는 이 3가지 유형이 모두 포함되어 있다. 그 가운데 전승 5가를 창극화한 작품이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 허규가 시도한 '완판창극'은 한국의 전통유산 가운데 빼어난 예술적 성과를 거둔 요소들을 집대성하여 무대에 올림으로써, 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립해 보고자한 것이다. '완판창극'에 나타난 특징은 다음 네 가지로 정리할 수 있다. (1) 전통을 중시하는 연출 태도, (2) 전통연희 요소의 적극적 수용, (3) 격조와 윤리의식의 중시, (4) 해학의 강조와 보조인물의 적극적 활용이 그것이다. 허규가 시도한 '완판창극'은 창극이 성취할 수 있는 예술적 수준의 한 정점을 보여주는 것이다. 판소리 유산을 망라하고 나아가 전통연희를 적극적으로 수용하여, 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립해 보고자 했던 것이다. 허규는 '완판창극'에서 판소리의 진정성을 그대로 살리려고 노력했으며, 처음부터 끝까지 한 대목도 빠뜨리지 않고 장면화 하려고 했다. '완판창극'의 공연 시간이 4~5시간이나 소요되었다는 것이 그 점을 잘 보여준다. 허규가 완판창극에서 거둔 성과는 이후 창극에 상당한 영향을 끼친 것으로 보인다. 1990년대에 시도된 '완판장막창극'도 그 모태는 허규의 '완판창극'에 두고 있다. 창본을 종합해 내고 판소리의 좋은 점을 모두 보여주고자 하는 의도가 일치한다는 점에서 특히 그러하다. 그렇지만 90년대 '완판장막창극'은 대형 무대화를 지향했으며 화려한 무대장치와 의상 그리고 버라이어티한 요소를 부각시켰다는 점에서 '완판창극'과 대비된다. 허규의 완판창극이 끼친 중요한 영향 가운데 하나는 판소리의 '열린 형식'을 창극의 공연 문법으로 적극 활용했다는 점이다. 허규는 극의 전개 과정에서 필요하다고 판단되면 전통연희의 요소를 적극적으로 수용하여, 극적 표현 영역을 확장하고 작품의 완성도를 높이고자 했다. 이러한 그의 시도는 창극 극작술의 한 방식으로 인식되어, 이후 창극연출에도 지속적으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 요즘 창극은 어떻게 하면 청중들의 호응을 얻을 수 있을까에 관심을 집중하기 때문에, '감동받는 창극' 보다는 '재미있는 창극'을 만드는 일이 중요하다고 생각하는 듯하다. 공연 시간도 최대 2시간을 넘지 않으려고 하며, 관현악 반주를 중시하는 경향을 보여준다. 이런 관점에서는 허규가 '완판창극'을 통해 구현하고자 했던 창극의 지향점은 극복의 대상으로 인식되고 있는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.29-94
• /
• 1974

Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.