• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.284-290
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• 2022

The study considers trends and prospects for developing virtual (augmented) reality and civil transactions in relation to digital property. In jurisprudence, there is a need to determine the legal status of virtual and augmented reality to regulate legal relations in the digital environment. Legal relations using new digital technologies require the creation of new legislative approaches and rules of their legal regulation. The article dwells on the legal status of virtual (augmented) reality and determines the methods of regulating legal relations in the sphere of digital property. The study utilized methods for collecting single and multiple facts in order to identify the main trends in the civil circulation of digital assets, as well as private law methods. The methods of generalization, concreteness, induction and deduction reveal the legal nature and main features of virtual (augmented) reality and digital property. The paper highlights the specifics of virtual reality and civil transactions in relation to digital assets. The research has concluded that the sale, exchange and other actions with digital objects in virtual reality have distinctive features, while digital property has also unique characteristics since it is involved in civil circulation and legal relations.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.155-219
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• 2004

This paper focuses on two recent legislative developments in electronic commerce: the "Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act" ("UCITA") of USA and the "preliminary draft convention on the use of data message in [international trade] [the context of international contracts]" ("preliminary draft Convention") of UNCITRAL. UCITA provides rules contracts for computer information transactions. UCITA supplies modified contract formation rules adapted to permit and to facilitate electronic contracting. UCITA also adjusts commonly recognized warranties as appropriate for computer information transactions; for example, to recognize the international context in connection with protection against infringement and misappropriation, and First Amendment considerations involved with informational content. Furthermore, UCITA adapts traditional rules as to what is acceptable performance to the context of computer information transactions, including providing rules for the protection of the parties concerning the electronic regulation of performance to clarify that the appropriate general rule is one of material breach with respect to cancellation (rather than so-called perfect tender). UCITA also supplies guidance in the case of certain specialized types of contracts, e.g., access contracts and for termination of contracts. While for the most part carrying over the familiar rules of Article 2 concerning breach when appropriate in the context of the tangible medium on which the information is fixed, but also adapting common law rules and rules from Article 2 on waiver, cure, assurance and anticipatory breach to the context of computer information transactions, UCITA provides a remedy structure somewhat modeled on that of Article 2 but adapted in significant respects to the different context of a computer information transaction. For example, UCITA contains very important limitations on the generally recognized common law right of self-help as applicable in the electronic context. The UNCITRAL's preliminary draft Convention applies to the use of data messages in connection with an existing or contemplated contract between parties whose places of business are in different States. Nothing in the Convention affects the application of any rule of law that may require the parties to disclose their identities, places of business or other information, or relieves a party from the legal consequences of making inaccurate or false statements in that regard. Likewise, nothing in the Convention requires a contract or any other communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract to be made or evidenced in any particular form. Under the Convention, a communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract, including an offer and the acceptance of an offer, is conveyed by means of data messages. Also, the Convention provides for use of automated information systems for contract formation: a contract formed by the interaction of an automated information system and a person, or by the interaction of automated information systems, shall not be denied on the sole ground that no person reviewed each of the individual actions carried out by such systems or the resulting agreement. Further, the Convention provides that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract concluded by a person that accesses an automated information system of another party has no legal effect and is not enforceable if the person made an error in a data message and (a) the automated information system did not provide the person with an opportunity to prevent or correct the error; (b) the person notifies the other party of the error as soon as practicable when the person making the error learns of it and indicates that he or she made an error in the data message; (c) The person takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other party's instructions, to return the goods or services received, if any, as a result of the error or, if instructed to do so, to destroy such goods or services.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.147-176
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• 2011

급속히 성장하고 있는 민용항공운송업의 발전과는 달리 중국의 현행 항공운송법은 상당히 원칙적이고 추상적으로 규정되어 있어 항공운송과 관련하여 일어나는 분쟁에 적용하는데 있어서 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 또한 여러 부문규장에 산재하는 운송관련 규정들은 항공운송법 체계의 혼란과 비통일성을 가져다주었다. 이는 중국항공운송업의 진일보의 발전을 저애한다. 이와 같은 점을 고려하여 이 논문에서는 항공운송인의 책임 제도를 중심으로 중국 항공운송법의 법체계와 주요내용들을 살펴보았다. 중국민항법과 국무원 산하의 민용항공총국에서 제정 및 반포한 부문규장에 산재되어 있는데 법체계는 운송인 책임기간, 책임부담의 범위, 책임배상한도액 및 예외, 책임부담의 원칙, 운송인의 면책사유, 이의제출기한, 법의 적용, 관할법원, 소송시효에 관한 중국 법규정을 분석 소개하였다. 이어서 중국법원에서 다룬 실제사건과 결부하여 중국항공운송법 상의 문제점들을 구체적으로 점검하고 법 개정의 필요성과 앞으로의 전망을 제시하였다. 앞으로 중국 항공운송법을 개정함에 있어서 운송인책임과 관련하여 우선 먼저 운송인의 배상책임한도액을 상향조정해야 한다. 둘째로 국내항공운송과 국제항공운송 구분이 없이 운송인의 배상책임한도액을 제정함이 바람직하다. 셋째로 항공기연착에 관한 법 규정을 보완해야 한다. 넷째로, 민항법과 관련 부문규장에서 여객에 대한 운송인의 정신적 손해배상 내용을 명확히 할 필요가 있으며 법원은 향후 항공운송분쟁에 관한 분쟁에서 정신적 손해배상청구가 있는 경우 고려요소, 배상금 금액의 산정 등 기준을 판결문에서 명확하고 자세하게 밝히는 것이 바람직하다.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.87-121
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• 2021

かつてフェミニズムや男女平等を批判していた安倍晋三首相率いる第二次安倍政権は,2012年以降,女性の社会進出を後押しする政策を積極的に促進し,2015年には女性の職業生活における活躍の推進に関する法律（女性活躍推進法)を成立させている。女性活躍推進法は,女性政策ではなく,女性を利用しようとする経済政策であるとの批判が多いが,一方では女性のための政策としての側面もあるとの指摘もあり,保守政権による女性政策の興味深いケースとなっている。本稿は,女性活躍推進法の審議過程における女性の実質的代表の内実を明らかにすることを目的とする。具体的には,安倍政権による女性政策,また,女性の実質的代表に関する先行研究の知見から導き出した二つのリサーチクエスチョンへの答えを,法案審議での議員発言をデータとして提示することが本稿の課題である。第一に,女性活躍推進法が女性活用の経済政策であるという評価から,審議過程においても,女性の利益や権利を代表する発言よりも,女性を経済成長や少子高齢化社会における資源として活用しようとする発言が多いのかどうかを探る。第二に,女性を実質的に代表する発言があるとすれば,どのような発言内容が見られるのかを明らかにする。特に,保守政党である自由民主党が多数を占めている国会での審議においては,女性の家庭内ケア提供役割を所与とした女性のための発言が大勢を占めているのかに注目する。これらのリサーチクエスチョンに答えることで,女性活躍推進法を巡る女性の実質的代表の有り様,また保守主義と女性の実質的代表の関係を明らかし,女性の実質的代表の研究に貢献することを目指す。分析の結果,女性を活用しようとする発言は,女性を代表する発言,また女性活用の姿勢を批判する発言と比べて数が少なかったこと,議員発言によって多種多様な女性が代表されていることが明らかになった。また,保守系議員による,女性の家庭内ケア提供役割を所与とした保守的な女性の代表発言がある一方で,主に野党議員による,保守的ではない女性の代表発言も多くあったことも示された。これらの分析結果は,保守政権が支配する議会であっても,非保守的な女性の実質的代表が,少なくとも審議過程においては可能であることを示唆している。

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제6호
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• pp.1-46
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• 2003

During the ancient times, there was no separative judicial system and administrative , legislative and judiciary functions were ultimately concentrated in the all-powerful monarch. And the three states developed state organization , adopting hieratical structures and placing at the pinnacle . State Codes were promulgated to initiate a legal system to rule the people, these codes instituted under influence of China codes. The people tradition sees crime control as the preservation of the authority of hereditary rulers. In the period of the Koryeo dynasty, government accepted a serious of detailed penal code from Tang dynasty . Legal response to crime stressed preservation of the dynasty rather than making citizen behave according to certain rules. In the period of Early Joseon , the compilation of Grand Code for state administration was initiated, the Kyeongkuk Taejeon ,became comer stone of the dynastic administration and provided the monarchial system with a sort of constitutional law in written form. This national code was in portant means of criminal policy at that time, Late Joseon , the impact of Western culture entering through China gave further impetus to pragmatic studies which called for socio-economic reforms and readjustment. Approach to criminal justice policy emphasized more equitable operation of the criminal justice system ,rehabilitation and crime control. Korea-Japanese Treaty concluded on 22 August ,1910 and proclaim a week later ,Japan gave the coup de grace to the Korea Empire and changed the office of the Resident - General into the Government - General . Thus korean criminal policy were lost during a dark ages ,which lasted for 36 years after fall of Joseon Dynasty (the colnial period,1910${\sim}$1945). After 1945 Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the occupation of devided Korea by the United States and Soviet Union frustrated the efforts of Koreans to establish an independent government, and the transplantation of two conflicting political ideologies to south and the north of the 38th parallel further intensified the national split. U.S. military government office occupied the south of the 38 the parallel and placed emphasis on democracy of criminal policy. ln 1948, the U.S. military government handed over to the ROK government its administrative authority.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.36-47
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the present problems relating to the legislation and execution of adornment of buildings in the provinces, and to explore ways to improve the role and function of adornment of buildings in terms of public art. In order to do that, the related national law and enforcement decree and the local regulations and rules were analysed. In addition the catalogues on the adornments of buildings that are managed by 31 cities and counties of Gyeonggi-Province were also compared and analysed. As a result of our survey, it has been determined that the reform of the adornments of buildings must be executed on the national and local levels. On the local level, the revision of regulations must occur simultaneously with the changes of national law and enforcement decrees. In many local self-governing bodies, there are quite a lot of discrepancies between their regulations and the upper law. Therefore, people can be confused regarding the sensitive problems such as the types of buildings that are required to display adornments and the proportion of the cost to the construction cost. In addition the effects of the improvements to national laws are often delayed. For example, the updated national law requires committee members to be appointed on the basis of merit, the announcement of the deliberation results, and the establishment of provisions regarding the management of existing structures. Unfortunately, improvements to the national law are not followed through on a local level. Concerning national legislation, the following improvements are necessary to minimize these problems. First, the western concept of‘public art’must be imported to Korea and applied to future legislation regarding adornment of buildings. Second, the perception of the purpose of adornment of buildings must be changed from‘art promotion’to‘improvement of the urban environment’Third, it is impractical to require private citizens to fund public worts of In. Korea requires an organized federal funding system for the commission of public art, which is to be controlled by committee. Finally, the definition of public artwork must be enlarged to include a more broad range of art, such as landscape architecture. In addition, continuing care of existing public worts of art must be managed systematically and strengthened.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제15권3_2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

이 논문은 그동안 민간조사제도 도입에 관하여 논의되어 왔던 쟁점들에 대한 연구동향을 분석하여 그 시사점을 돌출함으로써, 바람직한 도입 방향을 제시하는데 연구목적을 두고자 한다. 분석한 쟁점들은 민간조사제도 도입에 관한 기존의 연구물들을 대상으로 추출하였다. 연구자들이 지적한 쟁점사항들은 명칭, 업무범위, 법인, 자격제도(자격기준 및 시험), 교육, 협회설립, 감독기관, 입법형태 등 8개의 범주안에 포함된다. 명칭에 대해서는 '탐정'이라는 명칭으로 통일할 필요가 있다고 본다. 업무범위에 대해서는 개정이 어려운 법률에서는 일반적인 업무규정을 개괄적으로 두고, 보다 구체적이고 세부적인 조사업무내용은 시행령을 통하여 규율하는 것이 합리적이라 할 수 있다. 민간조사제도는 법인으로의 제한적 운영이 필요하다고 본다. 교육에 대해서는 민간조사 종사자에 대한 신임교육과 재교육이 정기적으로 이루어져야 한다. 관리감독기관에 대해서 경찰청으로 일원화하여야 한다. 입법형태는 독자적인 법률로 규정하는 것보다는 경비업법의 개정을 통해 민간조사제도에 대하여 보완 규정하는 것이 효과적일 수 있다는 것이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.59-90
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• 2015

Since 1855, the federal courts of the United States have been empowered to assist in the gathering of evidence for use before foreign tribunals. Today, the source of that authority is 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$ which permits the courts to order a person "to give [ ] testimony... or to produce a document ... for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal${\cdots}$ ." It was generally assumed, until the United States Supreme Court's decision of Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. in 2004, that arbitration tribunals were not "foreign tribunals" for purposes of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$. While the issue in Intel did not involve an arbitration tribunal, a statement by the Supreme Court in dicta has called into question the exact parameters of the words "foreign tribunal," resulting in a split of opinion among the federal courts of the United States. This article explores the legislative history of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$, examines the United States Supreme Court decision in Intel, and discusses the split among the courts of the United States regarding the interpretation of "foreign tribunal." The article further surveys emerging issues: is an arbitration tribunal in a case involving foreign parties and seated in the United States a "foreign tribunal"; does agreeing to the use of the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration circumscribe the use of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$; can a party be ordered to produce documents located outside the United States; and is there a role for judicial estoppel in determining whether an application pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$ should be granted?

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-77
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• 2004

1967년 우주조약에서 규정된 우주활동에 대한 국가의 감독 의무가 구체적으로 어떠한 방식으로 이행되는가에 대해서는 각국의 입법 사례에 따라 다르며, 아울러 그 의무의 강제력에 대한 논의도 지속되어 왔다. 다수의 국적 위성을 발사하고, 발사장을 곧 건설, 운용할 대한민국 정부는 그러한 감독 의무를 이제는 이행하기 위한 구체적인 조치를 취할 단계에 이른 것으로 판단되며, 이에 입법 방향을 검토해 보고자 한다. 1967년 우주조약은 우주활동 주체들이 국제법을 포함한 1967년 우주조약을 준수하고, 그에 따른 국제책임을 국가가 부담할 것을 규정하고 있다. 이에 전 국가를 위한 우주 이용의 원칙, 우주공간의 비영유원칙, 및 우주활동에 대한 국가 감독 및 책임 원칙 등이 준수하여야 할 국제협약상의 의무로 요약되며, 그 이행을 위한 입법 조치가 필요하다고 판단된다. 국내 입법 체계상, 기존의 타 법령과의 조화를 꾀하면서, 우주 발사체의 발사 허가제도 등을 내용으로 하는 입법 조치가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.107-131
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• 2013

Online-ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) has been receiving attention from the international community as a means of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes in both small and mass international e-commerce. The EU Parliament and the Council proposed the Online Dispute Resolution Regulation for Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ODR Regulation") and the Directive on Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ADR Directive") as a legislative package, now scheduled to be adopted. Those efforts strengthen consumer protection by enhancing ODR in international e-commerce and improving of the functions of the e-commerce market. The EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package will operate in conjunction with the ODR platform as a single point across Europe, abandoning the ADR system of each member. Consumers and traders who need dispute resolution apply on the EU ODR platform linked website, and the applications are distributed to individual ADR institutions in accordance with the Rules and Procedure of ADR institutions in the respective country. Although there has been partial progress in Korea for ODR programs such as the establishment of the Online Administrative Trial and the procedures of individual ADR agencies operating through the website, existing norms do not fully support the system. At this point, we see many implications of the EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package on the direction chosen for domestic ADR and ODR policy and legislation. This study introduces the main features and content of the EU Consumer ADR Directive (draft) and ODR Regulation provisions, and describes the direction of domestic policy and legislation regarding Online-ADR.