• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권12spc호
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• pp.459-462
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• 2021

The article examines the main problems of land market formation in Ukraine. The article is devoted to the study of problems and prospects of land market introduction after the abolition of the ban on alienation. The advantages and disadvantages of lifting the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land are highlighted. The experience of such European countries as France, Germany, Latvia, Romania and Poland in regulating the market of agricultural lands is analyzed. The historical stages of market formation, features of state policy in this area are considered. The authors found that in these countries the market for agricultural land is well developed and works effectively, which has positive consequences for the economy of these countries. After analyzing the experience, we identified common elements of an effective mechanism for regulating the land market in European countries, which can be implemented in Ukraine. It is emphasized that after the opening of the land market it is necessary to prevent the concentration of a large number of agricultural lands in the hands of one person or close persons and it is necessary to create an effective supervisory body, whose main functions will be supervising sales prevention of speculation in the land market. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve legislation in the field of land, organizational and informational conditions for land reform. The Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Circulation of Agricultural Land" was analyzed, the adoption of which put an end to the systematic extension of the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land. The positive aspects of such reservations are noted, such as the gradual introduction of the land market, quantitative restrictions, the lower limit of the value equivalent, which can not be less than the normative monetary value. At the same time, the problem is that the lack of an imperative norm on termination of the lease agreement in case of refusal of the lessee to purchase such land at a price not lower than expert assessment, will negatively affect its price formation and actually make the landlord hostage.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.183-232
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• 1999

The legislative body of The People's Republic of China, the National People's Congress, enacted the first arbitration act in China's history on August 31st, 1994, which took effect on September 1, 1995. The problems revealed through a comparison of China's Arbitration Act with the UNCITRAL model arbitration law were studied as well as the enacting process, background, status and system, important contents, problems of Chaina's Arbitration Act, and the differences between the old arbitration regulations and the new arbitration act. These are all discussed in this paper. The Arbitration Act is the basic act ruling over china's arbitration system: it unified the previously confusing laws and regulations relevant to the arbitration system, and the act brings out fundamental changes in China's domestic arbitration to the level of international arbitration standards. It is possible to view this act as a cornerstone in China's arbitration system. But, as discussed in this paper, there are still a lot of problems with the new act and only a few of the merits which the UNCITRAL model arbitration law has. First, under China's Arbitration Act, parties enjoy autonomy to some degree, but the range of party autonomy, compared to that of the UNCITRAL model arbitration law, is too narrow. Second, because China's Arbitration Act didn't explicitly provide issues which can give rise to debate, a degree of confusion in its interpretation still remains. Third, China's Arbitration Act's treatment of some important principles was careless. Fourth, in some sections, China's Arbitration Act is less reasonable than the UNCITRAL model arbitration law. These problems must be resolved in order to develop China's arbitration system. The best way of resolving these problems for China is to adopt the UNCITRAL model arbitration law. But it is difficult to expect that China will accept this approach, because of the present arbitration circumstances in China. Although it is difficult to accept all the contents of the UNCITRAL model arbitration law, China's legislators and practitioners must consider the problems mentioned in this paper.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.181-215
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• 2001

The thirty-fourth session of UNCITRAL Working Group on Arbitration was held in New York. Among the topics discussed at the session, many delegations agreed to reform the article 7 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration in light of the development of electronic commerce. As for the article 2(2) of the New York Convention, it was agreed to reflect the changes of the article 7 not in the form of a treaty amendment but in the form of an interpretative statement. The topic as to provisional measures has been found so difficult to reach an agreement that most of its texts submitted by the secretariat were left untouched for the lack of time. However, most provisions of the legislative texts on conciliation were dealt with by delegations. The next session is to be held in Vienna. While the Korean Arbitration Act of 1966 was fully amended in 1999, it seems interesting to look at the development in which the arbitration community of the world has already begun discussing the new dimension of the law and practice of international commercial arbitration. It may be considered early to start a new project of reforming the Korean Arbitration Act at this time when only three years passed after it was fully amended. It is, however, worthwhile to remember that some progressive efforts were aborted in amending the Arbitration Act of 1966. One of them is about the same issue on the insertion of some provisions on the enforcement of interim measures of protection to which the priority is given by the Working Group. It seems fair to say that it would not be dangerous to follow the developments and to adapt ourselves to such trends shown in the session. In Korea, the words “arbitration” and “conciliation” are misleadingly interchanged although these two words should be differentiated from each other in the sense of third-party binding decision. It is self-evident from the Korean Arbitration Act and judicial decisions that arbitral awards bind the disputing parties and are to be treated as final judgements by the competent courts. It is, however, not uncommon to find that the word “arbitration” is misinterpreted as having the same meaning of the word “conciliation”. One of the reasons for the confusion is that many legislations in Korea provide for conciliation as having the meaning of arbitration and vice versa. It may be probable that the proposed legislative texts on conciliation could be a kind of useful method to prevent such confusion from being uncontrollable. It is, therefore, necessary that the legislative texts should be introduced into Korea as a legislation on conciliation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.36-47
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the present problems relating to the legislation and execution of adornment of buildings in the provinces, and to explore ways to improve the role and function of adornment of buildings in terms of public art. In order to do that, the related national law and enforcement decree and the local regulations and rules were analysed. In addition the catalogues on the adornments of buildings that are managed by 31 cities and counties of Gyeonggi-Province were also compared and analysed. As a result of our survey, it has been determined that the reform of the adornments of buildings must be executed on the national and local levels. On the local level, the revision of regulations must occur simultaneously with the changes of national law and enforcement decrees. In many local self-governing bodies, there are quite a lot of discrepancies between their regulations and the upper law. Therefore, people can be confused regarding the sensitive problems such as the types of buildings that are required to display adornments and the proportion of the cost to the construction cost. In addition the effects of the improvements to national laws are often delayed. For example, the updated national law requires committee members to be appointed on the basis of merit, the announcement of the deliberation results, and the establishment of provisions regarding the management of existing structures. Unfortunately, improvements to the national law are not followed through on a local level. Concerning national legislation, the following improvements are necessary to minimize these problems. First, the western concept of‘public art’must be imported to Korea and applied to future legislation regarding adornment of buildings. Second, the perception of the purpose of adornment of buildings must be changed from‘art promotion’to‘improvement of the urban environment’Third, it is impractical to require private citizens to fund public worts of In. Korea requires an organized federal funding system for the commission of public art, which is to be controlled by committee. Finally, the definition of public artwork must be enlarged to include a more broad range of art, such as landscape architecture. In addition, continuing care of existing public worts of art must be managed systematically and strengthened.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2014

중소기업제품 구매를 확대하여 중소기업의 경영안정을 지원하는 취지에 의해 2006년 제정된 "중소기업제품 구매촉진 및 판로 지원에 관한 법률"은 제도의 활성화를 위해 최근까지 거듭되어 개정되었다. 이에 따라 중소기업청장에 의해 지정된 설계품목에 대해 공공공사 직접구매를 의무화하였다. 그러나 120여개에 달하는 직접구매대상 품목으로 인해 품질확보 및 납기지연, 현장 자재 담당 근무자의 업무과중 등 문제가 발생하고 있다. 법의 제정 취지는 최근 정부의 대기업과 중소기업의 동반성장이라는 여건에는 부합하지만 현장에서 위법을 기반으로 근무를 하는 담당자들의 입장과 자재 품질 확보, 적기 공급, 비용상승 등을 유발하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 "공사용 자재 직접 구매제도"의 문제점 파악 및 검증을 통해 향후 효율적이고 합리적으로 적용이 될 수 있도록 기여하고자 한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.75-101
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• 2012

As the Reublic of Korea revised the Commercial Code including 40 articles of air transport enacted newly on May 23, 2011, so Korea became first legislative examples in the Commercial Code of the developed and developing countries. I would like to explain briefly the main contents of my paper such as (1) history of enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law, (2) legal background enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law and the problems on the conditions of air transport, (3) every countries' legislative examples on the civil liability of aircraft's operator, (4) unlawful Interference Convention and general risk convention of 2009, (5) main contents and prospects of the revised Commercial Code for the liability of aircraft's operator etc as the followings. Meanwhile as the Aviation Act, Commercial Code and Civil Code in Korea and Japan did not regulated at all the legal basis of solution on the disputes between victims and offender for the amount of compensation for damage due to personal or property damage caused by aircraft accidents in Korea and Japan, so it has been raised many legal problems such as protection of victims, standard of decision in trial in the event of aircraft accident's lawsuit case. But the Korean Revised Commercial Code including Part VI, air transport regulations was passed by the majority resolution of the Korean National Assembly on April 29, 2011 and then the South Korean government proclaimed it on May 23 same year. The Revised Commercial Code enforced into tothe territory of the South Korea from November 24, 2011 after six month of the proclaimed date by the Korean Government. Thus, though Korean Commercial Code regulated concretely and respectively the legal relations on the liability of compensation for damage in the contract of transport by land in it's Part II (commercial activities) and in the contract of transport by sea in its Part V (marine commerce), but the Amended Commercial Act regulated newly 40 articles in it's Part VI (air transport) relating to the air carrier's contract liability on the compensation for damage caused by aircraft accidents in the air passengers and goods transport and aircraft operator's tort liability on compensation for damage caused by the sudden falling or collision of aircraft to third parties on the surface and so it was equipped with reasonable and unified system among the transport by land, marine and air. The ICAO adopted two new air law conventions setting out international compensation and liability rules for damage caused by aircraft to third parties at a diplomatic conference hosted by it from April 20 to May 2, 2009. The fight against the effects of terrorism and the improvement of the status of victims in the event of damage to third parties that may result either from acts of unlawful interference involving aircraft or caused by ordinary operation of aircraft, forms the cornerstone of the two conventions. One legal instrument adopted by the Conference is "the Convention on Compensation for Damage to Third Parties, Resulting from Acts of Unlawful Interference Involving Aircraft" (Unlawful Interference Convention). The other instrument, "the Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" (General Risk Convention), modernizes the current legal framework provided for under the 1952 Rome Convention and related Protocol of 1978. It is desirable for us to ratify quickly the abovementioned two conventions such as Unlawful Interference Convention and General Risk Convention in order to settle reasonably and justly as well as the protection of the South Korean peoples.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.78-103
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• 2019

일제강점기에 제정 시행된 문화재 보존 법제인 「조선보물고적명승천연기념물보존령」은 제헌헌법 제100조 규정에 의해 광복 후에도 법적 효력이 지속되었다. 그런데 미군정기와 정부 수립 후에 「조선보물고적명승천연기념물보존령」을 대체하기 위한 입법 시도가 있었다. 그 첫 번째 시도는 1947년 9월 미군정 남조선과도입법의원에 상정되었던 「국보고적명승천연기념물보존법안」(일명 「보존법안(1947년)」)이고, 두 번째는 1950년 3월 15일 정부 발의 법안으로 국회에 제출된 「국보고적명승천연기념물보존법안」(일명 「보존법안(1950년)」)이다. 이 두 법안은 기존의 「조선보물고적명승천연기념물보존령」 내용을 기초로 수정·보완된 것이었다. 그 후 1952년부터 1960년까지 「문화재보호법안(1959년)」과 「문화재법안(1960년)」이 잇달아 입법 추진되었다. 정부의 이러한 문화재 법안 제정 시도는 일제강점기부터 시행되어 오던 「조선보물고적명승천연기념물보존령」 체제를 입법을 통해 대체하려고 한 것에 그 목적이 있었다. 그러나 당시의 복잡한 정치 상황으로 인해 이 법안들은 최종 입법에 이르지 못했다. 이에 정부는 1960년 10월 행정 입법인 「문화재보존위원회규정」을 제정하였고 11월 공포·시행하였다. 이는 한국 정부가 만든 최초의 공식적인 문화재 법령이었다. 1962년 1월 「문화재보호법」이 제정·공포됨으로써 한국의 주체적인 문화재 법제가 성립되었다. 이는 그간 한국 정부의 부단한 문화재 관계 입법 노력과 경험을 기반으로 한 것이다. 그런 의미에서 「문화재보호법」은 법제사적으로 역사적 산물이라 할 수 있다. 지금까지 1962년에 제정된 「문화재보호법」은 일본의 「문화재보호법(1950년)」을 모방 내지 이식한 것으로 알려졌을 뿐 그것이 광복 후 1945~1960년 기간에 있었던 한국 정부의 문화재 입법 과정의 연장선상에서 제정되었다는 점에 대해서는 충분히 인식하지 못하였다. 따라서 1945~1960년의 문화재 관계 입법 과정을 살펴보는 것은 1962년 「문화재보호법」 제정 과정과 한국 문화재 법제 성립의 배경을 이해하는 데 중요하다고 볼 수 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.79-102
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• 2009

L/C transaction, the most important issue for the seller and the buyer is the theory of documentary transaction and the theory of strict compliance which are the principles of L/C transactions. According to the leading cases in England and America where the practice of L/C transactions was created and developed, the descriptions of the commodities specified on all the documents which are submitted based on an L/C, should be identical to the descriptions of commodities specified in the L/C. And further, many leading cases of L/C continuously repeat to emphasize strict compliance. However, the recent leading cases in and out of the country show that the principle of strict compliance is being weakened. The leading cases in America show two trends of weakening the principle of strict compliance. That is, on the contrary to strict compliance, tends to apply substantial compliance (which puts more value on the substance of the documents). These leading cases reflect the attitudes of the judicial and the legislative authorization that don't want to approve formal approach to the commercial law. Recently, the Supreme Court of Korea is giving a decision on the principle of strict compliance, "The documents attached to an L/C should strictly comply with the conditions in the L/C, but it doesn't mean that they should be perfectly identical without any mistake in words. In case the bank can understand through reasonable care that a small mistake in words is too trivial to give different meaning or to give damage to the conditions of the L/C, the documents are regarded to comply with the conditions of the L/C. However, the judgment should be based on whether the difference between the documents and the L/C can be admitted by the international standard bank transaction practice or not." This decision tells that the principle of strict compliance is quite much modified so application of this modification can't be ignored. However, from the viewpoint of the party who requests to open an L/C, there is a criticism that a bank's arbitrary judgement can be involved. Therefore, reviewing the original purpose of L/C transactions (activating international transactions), the principle of strict compliance may be thought old-fashioned because it emphasizes a form, but in reality, for prompt transaction and payment, the principle of strict compliance should be observed in L/C transactions. And further, if a legislative device is prepared to systematically compensate for several side-effects, the principle of strict compliance will improve dynamic flow of prompt and low-costly L/C transactions. On the other hand, it will be able to protect the interested parties.

• 의료법학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2021

최근 제약기업이 조작한 자료를 제출하여 심사를 받아 의약품 품목허가를 받은 사례들이 적발되었다. 국회는 제약기업의 자료조작에 대한 제재를 강화하는 입법을 하였다. 현재와 같은 의약품 품목허가 제도는 Elixir Sulfanilamide 사고나 탈리도마이드 사고와 같이 의약품으로 인하여 환자들의 생명과 건강에 중대한 피해를 초래한 사건들을 경험하면서 그것을 방지하기 위하여 만들어졌다. 의약품 품목허가에는 위험이 내재되어 있다. 의약품 품목허가는 제약기업이 제출한 자료에 조작이 없다는 신뢰를 토대로 한 심사를 통해 우리 사회에 진입 가능한 위험에 대한 잠정적 허용 결정이다. 제약기업의 자료조작은 국민의 생명, 건강에 위해를 가하고 우리나라 제약산업의 경쟁력에 위해를 초래한다. 제약기업의 경제적 이윤 동기를 고려하면 우리나라 제약산업에서 자료조작이 '합리적인' 선택으로 자리잡을 우려가 있고 그럴 경우 그로 인한 피해가 일상화된다. 대법원 2008. 11. 13. 선고 2008두8628 판결은 제약기업이 아닌 제3자가 자료조작을 하였고 자료조작을 하지 않았어도 품목허가 요건이 충족되는 사례에서 의약품 안전성 확보를 위해 엄격하고 엄정한 기준이 요구된다고 밝히며 의약품 품목허가 취소 처분이 위법하지 않다고 판단하였다. 대법원의 입장이 타당하다. 제약기업이 자료조작으로 얻을 수 있는 기대이익을 최소화함으로써 제약기업이 자료조작을 선택할 경제적 유인을 약화시켜야 한다. 그러므로 해당 의약품의 품목허가를 취소할 뿐만 아니라 제약기업이 그로 인하여 얻은 '부당한' 이익을 환수해야 한다. 그리고 자료조작 적발 가능성을 높이기 위하여 내부자 고발을 활성화하고 품목허가 심사료 현실화 등을 통하여 품목허가 심사 인력 등 심사역량을 강화해야 한다.

• 의정연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.67-88
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• 2009

본 연구는 지방교육자치에 관한 법률 전부개정법률안(대안)에 대한 국회의 표결에 있어 국회의원에 영향을 미친 요인은 무엇인지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 지방교육자치에 관한 법률 전부개정법률안(대안)이 관심을 끄는 것은 교육감과 교육위원에 대한 직접 선거 및 교육위원회 시·도의회 상임위원회 전환 등을 주요 내용으로 하고 있기 때문이다. 또한 이 법안은 위원회 이름으로 발의된 법안이며 특정 정당 및 지역의 반대가 있었던 법안이 아님에도 이에 대한 수정안이 제출되었고, 국회에서 통과된 다른 법안과 달리 반대표가 상대적으로 많았기 때문이다. 이러한 이유로 의원들의 투표는 무엇에 영향을 받았는지 분석을 시도하였다. 투표행태 분석을 통해 법안의 통과에 있어 중요한 것은 교섭단체 간 합의며, 특히 국회 다수당의 선택이 매우 중요하다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 또한 분석을 통해 의정경험이 많은 의원과 비례대표 의원들은 교섭단체 간 합의된 법안에 좀 더 순응하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 전자투표제 실시 이후 학자들의 관심을 끌고 있는 의원들의 투표행태를 좀 더 구체적으로 이해할 수 있는 기회를 제공했다는 점에 의미가 있다고 하겠다.