• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 1994

Acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) on acupuncture site(dorsal and ventral side of finger) were compared with a placebo site(forearm) by infrared thermal imaging. Six disease-free volunteers underwent, on different days, an ALTENS treatment and a placebo treatment in a cross-over sequences of stimulation control and inhibition control in excess of 50 treatments. ALTENS treatments were given at 30Hz at an intensity just below pain threshold delivered to acupuncture points on fingers. Placebo stimulations were administered in similar manner. After every thirty minutes of ALTENS and placebo treatment with stimulation, inhibition control sequence and vice versa, we examined whole body infrared thermal imaging and checked changed skin temperature on frontal, anterior chest, upper and lower abdomen, dorsal and ventral aspect of hand, thoracic and lumbar area, anterior and posterior aspect of lower leg. There were significant skin temperature elevations with ALTENS treatment, especially finger control gate corresponding organ area. Placebo treatment revealed no skin temperature change. We concluded that ALTENS on finger control gate influence physiologic state as opposed to conventional electric stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.765-780
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• 2012

This study was investigated the clothing microclimate, subjective sensation for the improvement of traditional koran high school student uniform so called "Saenghwal Hanbok". For the purpose, casual hanbok school summer uniforms were made. They were made of 4 different textiles materials - P/R, P100, P/C, P/R/S for blouses, P/W, P100, P/R, P/W/F for skirts. Then their clothing microclimate, subjective sensation were tested at room temperature $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. Clothing Microclimates wearing on the blouses were good matched comfort temperature range. Subjective sensations wearing on the blouses were better than those of traditional koran clothes so called "Hanbok" and quite same for western style clothes. Thermal sensations were indicated some hot condition, and moisture sensations were indicated some wet condition but tactile sensations and comfortable sensations were agreeable. The temperatures of the forehead and the breast wearing on the skirts were indicated the same results with the cases of the blouses. Leg temperatures were some lower than the mean skin temperature, the other parts' temperatures were slightly higher than blouses but the mean skin temperatures were satisfied comfortable ranges. Subjective sensations wearing on the skirts were better than those of the other traditional clothes and even Western clothes. Thermal sensations and moisture sensations were resulted the same with the case of blouses. Currently, P/R material and P/W material seemed to be cool and respectively suitable for blouses and skirts in summer among the materials of modernized Korean traditional costumes and school uniforms, since those materials lowered skin temperature. But better, physiologically pleasant materials for summer clothes should be development in consideration of clothing microclimate and subjective sensation.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2018

Objectives The objective of this study is to examine the interpretability of the questionnaire-based pattern identification in terms of biosignals. For this purpose, we investigate the relationship between electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) and Qi-Blood-Yin-Yang Deficiency Questionnaire (QBYY-Q) in diabetic patients. Methods A total of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus answered the QBYY-Q and their ESC were measured by SUDOSCAN device (a diabetes screening device, France). To analyze the relationship between QBYY-Q and ESC, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were performed and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained. Results Of the 40 diabetic patients, 23 (57.5%) were males and 17 (42.5%) were females. According to the QBYY-Q, 9 patients were classified into Qi deficiency pattern (QD), 9 patients were Blood deficiency pattern (BD), 10 patients were Yin deficiency pattern (YiD) and 12 patients were Yang deficiency pattern (YaD). Demographic information (age, body mass index, duration of illness, etc.), signs of vitality (blood pressure, body temperature, etc.), fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were not significantly different in each deficiency pattern. The ESC of the right leg was significantly lower in the BD group compared to the YiD group (p<0.022). Pearson's correlation coefficient was negatively correlated with the BD questionnaire score (r=-0.343, p <0.05). Finally, ESC showed a positive correlation with hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels in all limbs (r=0.483, p<0.01). Conclusions We showed that ESC could be used to classify the Deficiency pattern identifications in diabetic patients. Especially, the ESC was significantly lower in the BD group and was negatively correlated with the BD scores. It implies the potential utility of the ESC to understand the BD in terms of modern biosignals.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.271-275
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• 2001

Buerger's disease is a nonatherosclerotic occlusive inflammatory disease of the small and medium arteries, and veins of the distal leg or arm. Percutaneous lumbar sympathectomy is used to lower extremity occlusive vascular disease as well as Buerger's disease. Lumbar sympathectomy improves blood flow and provides pain relief in the lower extremity. We report two cases of lumbar sympathectomy using radiofrequency thermocoagulation in patients with Buerger's disease. After no paresthesia and muscle contracture at 50 Hz, 1 volt and 2 Hz, 3 volts, respectively, radiofrequency lesioning was performed for 90 sec at $80^{\circ}C$. After the procedure, both patients showed skin temperature increases greater than $2^{\circ}C$ on the affected extremity. Both patients received relief from pain and symptoms without complications. We consider that lumbar sympathectomy using radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a safe and effective procedure that can relieve pain in patients with Buerger's disease.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2003

Lincomycin, a selective tyrosinase blocker, has been thought to be effective in the treatment of melanogenesis, ephelis, post inflammatory pigmentation, and facial discoloration. In an attempt to develop a transdermal perparation for lincomycin, this study was designed to examine the appropriate contents of various surfactants and ethanol in the cream preparation. Frans type diffusion cell was used to investigate permeation efficiency of the preparation, and lincomycin in the receptor phase was measured by HPLC. After having a 1.5 hrs of leg time, the permeability of lincomycin was rapidly increased by adding surfactants, and varied with different types of surfactants after 10 hrs, the permeability of Brij 56$^{(R)}$ preparation (501.4$\pm$45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι) was greater than that either of Labrasol$^{(R)}$ (263.9$\pm$33.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι) or Tween$^{(R)}$20(386.2$\pm$26.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι). Ethanol also increased the permeability of lincomycin.mycin.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1183-1194
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of the flexion withdrawal reflex modulated by the hip angle and hip movement in spinal cord injury (SCI). The influence of the hip position and passive movement were tested in 6 subjects with chronic SCI. Each subject placed in a supine position and lower leg was fixed with the knee at 5 -45 degree flexion and the ankle at 25-40 degree plantar flexion. A train of 10 stimulus pulses were applied at 200 Hz to the skin of the medial arch to trigger flexion reflexes. From results of the regression analysis, static properties of normalized muscle activation of flexor muscles have the linear relationship with respect to hip angle (P< 0.05). In order to verify the neural contribution of flexion reflex, we compared the static and dynamic gains of estimated muscle activations with measured EMG of ankle flexor muscle. Form this study, we postulate that the torque and muscle response of flexion withdrawal reflex have linear relationship with hip angle and angular velocity.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1993

Soft-tissue deficits over the plantar forefoot, plantar heel, Achilles tendon, and distal parts of lower leg are often troublesome to cover with a simple graft or local flap due to limited mobility of surrounding skin and poor circulation in these area. Soft-tissue reconstruction in these regions should provide tissue components similar to the original lost tissue, supply durability and minimal protective pressure sensation and result in a donor site that is well tolerated and treated. We analysed 7 cases that were treated with the Instep flap due to soft-tissue defects over these regions from July of 1990 to July of 1993. All flaps were viable and successful at follow-up. 1. The age ranged from 9 years to 60 years, and 6 cases were male and 1 case female. 2. The sites of soft-tissue loss were the plantar forefoot(1 case), plantar heel(3 cases), Achilles tendon(2 cases), and distal parts of lower leg(1 case). 3. The causes of soft-tissue loss were simple soft-tissue crushing injury(1 case), crushing injury of the 1st toe(1 case) and posttraumatic infection and necrosis(5 cases). 4. The associated injury were open distal tibio-fibula, fracture(2 cases), medial malleolar fracture of the ankle(1 case), Achilles tendon rupture(2 case) and 1st metatarso-phalangeal disarticulation(1 case). 5. The size of flap was from $3{\times}4cm$ to $5{\times}10cm$(average $4{\times}5.6cm)$. 6. In 7 cases, we were not to find post-operative necrosis and infection, non-viability, limitation of ankle joint, and gait disturbance caused by the Instep flap surgery. 7. This study demonstrates that the Instep flap should be considered as another valuable technique in reconstruction of these regions.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 1982

This study was to investigate the changes of shape of the lower limb surface, the rate of the measurement of expansion and contraction and correlation coefficient between variables caused by hip joint and knee joint movements. The results of the investigation are as follows; 1. According to the development figure of shell when the leg was raised $45^{\circ}$forward($M_{2}$), total length of F.L shortened while B.L lengthened. This result is contarary to $M_{3}$raising the leg $15^{\circ}$ backward. In both $M_{2}$, $M_{3}$movements, the rate of expansion and contraction to the course direction was insignificant. When hip joint was bent $15^{\circ}$ with knee joint $120^{\circ}$bent ($M_{4}$) and hip joint was bent $30^{\circ}$ with knee joint $90^{\circ}$ bent($M_{5}$), upper section of back hip expanded while the front hip section contracted slightly. In the Movement of sitting on the chair($M_{6}$), abdomen, front hip section and upper thight section contracted to the wale direction remarkably while the back hip section expanded conspicuously. 2. According to the rate of expansion and contraction of skin (surface) by the somatometry. In $M_{2}$, C.F.L. upper and middle thight girth contracted and B.L, C.L, L.L expanded. This fact is contarary to M3. In M4, M5, C.F.L showed remarkable contraction and C.B.L expanded remarkably. In $M_{6}$, C.B.L contracted most of all the items measured and knee girth, F.L, L.L, C.B.L, hip girth expanded conspicuously. 3. According to the correlation coefficient between variables. In various movements, the correlation among girth items commonly showed a high or middle grade, the correlation among length items also commonly showed a low grade and that girth and length items showed a very low grade commonly. Waist girth, hip grith, F.L, B.L, L.L items showed that there were significant correlation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.695-699
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• 2006

Purpose: In the 1990s, skin island flap supplied by the vascular axis of the sensitive superficial nerves had been introduced. For example, neurocutaneous flaps supplied by the vascular axis of the sural nerve and saphenous nerve have been used. But the flap supplied by the vascular axis of superficial peroneal nerve has not been used commonly. Because there have been few anatomical reports about the superficial peroneal nerve accessory artery(SPNAA), we could not apply the neurocutaneous flap supplied by SPNAA. The aim of this study is to investigate the anatomy of SPNAA, number and location of its perforators, and septocutaneous perforators from the anterior tibial artery in anterior intermuscular septum. Methods: So, we dissected a total of eight cadavers. Measurements were made of the positions of the dissected arteries and perforators from the head of the fibula. Results: In all cadavers the superior lateral peroneal artery was originated from the anterior tibial artery and contributed SPNAA. Arising from the anterior tibial artery an average of 5.63 cm inferior to the fibular head, it varied from 10 cm to 16 cm in length. SPNAA gave off an average of 4.38 perforators to supply lateral aspect. In one case the inferior lateral peroneal artery was present and arose from the anterior tibial artery 18 cm inferior to the fibular head. There were an average of 3.38 direct septocutaneous perforators from the anterior tibial artery. Conclusion: Septocutaneous perforators from SPNAA mainly exist from proximal 1/6 to 3/5 of lower leg. In the distal 1/3 of lower leg where the accessory artery was disappeared, exist mainly direct septocutaneous perforators from the anterior tibial artery. Our results can be helpful to applications of the neurocutaneous flap using SPNAA or fasciocutaneous flap based on direct septocutaneous perforators.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2003

This study investigated the effect of different electrical stunning methods on pH, water holding capacity(WHC), cooking loss(CL), meat color and blood spot rate in broilers. One-hundred and forty broiler chickens were slaughtered by 50, 65 and 90 voltage with the same electrical frequency(255 Hz) and stunning time(5 sec) in commercial abattoir. The ultimate pH of leg muscle and WHC of breast muscle decreased with increasing the stunning voltage. However, there were no significant differences in ultimate pH, WHC and CL of breast muscle, and ultimate pH of leg muscle. Lightness(L*) and yellowness(b*) values of leg muscle stunned with 90V, 255 Hz, 5 sec were higher than those stunned with 50V, 255 Hz for 5 sec(p<0.05). But there were no significant differences in color value on skin, breast and wing muscle. Our experiments showed that change of stunning voltage affected some broiler meat quality parameters. However, further research is necessary to examine the effects of stunning condition on broiler meat quality.