• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the dynamic range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle joint when wearing different shoe sole lifts, as well as the limb asymmetry of the range according to the leg length discrepancy (LLD) during normal speed walking. METHODS: The participants were 40 healthy adults. A motion analysis system was used to collect kinematic ROM data. The participants had 40 markers attached to their lower extremities and were asked to walk on a 6 m walkway, under three different shoe lift conditions (without an insole, 1 cm insole, and 2 cm insole). Visual3D professional software was used to coordinate kinematic ROM data. RESULTS: Most of the ROM variables of the short limbs were similar under each insole lift condition (p>.05). In contrast, when wearing a shoe with a 2 cm insole lift, the long limbs showed significant increases in flexion and extension of the knee joint as well as; plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, pronation, eversion, and inversion of the ankle joint (p<.05). Of the shoes with the insole lifts, significant differences in all ROM variables were observed between the left and right knees, except for the knee internal rotation (p<.05). CONCLUSION: As the insole lift was increased, more ROM differences were observed between the left and right limbs, and the asymmetry of the bilateral lower limbs increased. Therefore, appropriate interventions for LLD are needed because an artificial mild LLD of less than 2.0 cm could lead to a range of musculoskeletal problems of the lower extremities, such as knee and ankle osteoarthritis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes associated with nine reproduction and morphological traits in three breed populations of Chinese goats. Methods: The genome-wide association of nine reproduction and morphological traits (litter size, nipple number, wattle, skin color, coat color, black dorsal line, beard, beard length, and hind leg hair) were analyzed in three Chinese native goat breeds (n = 336) using an Illumina Goat SNP50 Beadchip. Results: A total of 17 genome-wide or chromosome-wide significant SNPs associated with one reproduction trait (litter size) and six morphological traits (wattle, coat color, black dorsal line, beard, beard length, and hind leg hair) were identified in three Chinese native goat breeds, and the candidate genes were annotated. The significant SNPs and corresponding putative candidate genes for each trait are as follows: two SNPs located on chromosomes 6 (CSN3) and 24 (TCF4) for litter size trait; two SNPs located on chromosome 9 (KATNA1) and 1 (UBASH3A) for wattle trait; three SNPs located on chromosome 26 (SORCS3), 24 (DYM), and 20 (PDE4D) for coat color trait; two SNPs located on chromosome 18 (TCF25) and 15 (CLMP) for black dorsal line trait; four SNPs located on chromosome 8, 2 (PAX3), 5 (PIK3C2G), and 28 (PLA2G12B and OIT3) for beard trait; one SNP located on chromosome 18 (KCNG4) for beard length trait; three SNPs located on chromosome 17 (GLRB and GRIA2), 28 (PGBD5), and 4 for hind leg hair trait. In contrast, there were no SNPs identified for nipple number and skin color. Conclusion: The significant SNPs or genes identified in this study provided novel insights into the genetic mechanism underlying important reproduction and morphological traits of three local goat breeds in Southern China as well as further potential applications for breeding goats.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2005

To know the proper impact posture and changes for the various clubs, changes of impact variables according to the change of golf club length was investigated. Swing motions of three male low handicappers including a professional were taken using two high-speed video cameras. Four clubs iron 7, iron 5, iron 3 and driver (wood 1) were selected for this experiment. Three dimensional motion analysis techniques were used to get the kinematical variables. Mathcad and Kwon3D motion analysis program were used to analyze the position, distance and angle data in three dimensions. Major findings of this study were as follows. 1. Lateral position of the head remained more right side of the target up to 3.5cm compared to the setup as the length of the club increased. 2. Left shoulder raised up to 5cm and right shoulder lowered up to 2.5cm compared to setup. The shoulder line opened slightly (maximum 11 degrees) to the target line. 3. Forward lean angle of the trunk decreased up to 4 degrees (more erected) compared to setup. 4. Side lean angle of the trunk increased compared to setup and increased up to 16 degrees as the club length increased. 5. The pelvis moved to the target line direction horizontally and opened up to 31 degrees. Right hip moves laterally to the grip position at the setup. 6. Flexion of the left leg maintained almost constantly but the right leg flexed up to 11 degrees compared to setup. 7. Left arm is straightened but the right arm flexed about 20degrees compared to straight. 8. Center of the shoulders were in front of the knees and toes of the feet. 9. Hands moved to the left (8.7cm), forward (5.7cm) and upward (11.6cm) compared to the setup. This is because of the rotation of pelvis and shoulders. 10. Shaft angle to the ground was smaller than the lie angle of the clubs but it increased close to the lie of the clubs at impact.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2018

Background: Passive straight leg raising (PSLR) is the common clinical test to measure of hamstring muscle length. Hip flexion angle contributes to change the lumbopelvic rotation during PSLR. Pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) is commonly used to detect lumbopelvic movement during lower limb movements. Thus, there may be the relationship between pressure of PBU and lumbopelvic motion during PSLR. Objects: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between pressure of PBU and lumbopelvic motion during PSLR. Methods: Thirty two subjects participated in this study. A three-dimensional motion analysis system were used to measure the lumbopelvic angle during PSLR, while recording the pressure of PBU according to angle of PSLR by 10 degree increments. Pearson product moment correlations and linear regression analysis were used to describe the relationship between variables. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the lumbopelvic and angle of PSLR (Pearson's r=.83, p<.05), between the pressure of PBU and angle of PSLR (Pearson's r=.75, p<.05), and between lumbopelvic motion and pressure of PUB (Pearson's r=.83, p<.05). Linear regression equation using lumbopevic angle as an independent factor was as follows: Pressure of PBU = 47.35 + (2.55 ${\times}$ angle of lumbopelvic motion) ($R^2=.69$, p<.05). Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate that pressure of PBU can be used to indirectly detect the amounts of lumbobevic motion during muscle length test or stretching of hamstring.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.996-1001
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• 2006

Automatic washing machines have been improved and popularized steadily since the first electric washing machine was produced in the early 1900's. Appliance industry has tried to obtain the performance of washing machine with large capacity, high energy efficiency, low vibration and low noise levels. As the installation peace of a washer becomes closer to the living space, vibration and noise problems become more important challenges. In general, a washing machine has four legs to support its body. Four legs of the washing machine should be attached on a floor. If not so, it may cause severe vibration or walking in the spin-drying process. Unfortunately, the floor of an ordinary house is bumpy in general, and the consumers will not accept bolting washing machines to a foundation; moreover, sometimes they move the location of their washing machines to utility rooms or bath rooms or kitchens and don't care for leveling the legs exactly. In this study, we devise an auto-leg system that prevents the occurrence of abnormal vibration and walking of washing machines. It is simply composed of a spring and a friction damper. Some experiments are implemented to show the dynamic characteristics of the three-dimensional auto-legged washing machine model that is located on the even or uneven ground. A spring parameter is optimized to adjust the length of the auto-leg system automatically up to 10 mm irregularity, and the friction damper is designed to decrease a resonance induced by the spring of the auto-leg system. Some numerical results show that placing the proposed auto-leg system in a washing machine makes good performance with low vibration, as well as low noise, regardless of the unevenness of the floor.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.77-92
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• 2019

TPCLT란 한 주기에 두 번의 좌회전 신호를 제공하는 신호 운영 방법으로 좌회전 교통량이 많고 적정 좌회전 차로 길이 확보가 어려운 교차로에 적용가능한 신호 운영 개선 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 TPCLT의 적용 방안 연구를 위해, 3지 교차로를 대상으로 방향별 교통량의 변화를 준 시나리오를 구축하여 TPCLT 적용 시와 3현시 최적화 신호 적용 시 교차로의 제어지체를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 대다수의 시나리오에서 TPCLT 적용 시 지체 감소 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났으며 특히 좌회전 교통량이 30~40%인 경우 지체 감소가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이때, 접근로별 지체는 TPCLT 신호를 적용한 방향의 경우 50초 이상 지체가 감소하였으며 대향차로는 약 2초의 미미한 지체 증가를 나타냈다. 좌회전 차로 길에 따른 TPCLT 운영 효과 분석결과 좌회전 차로 길이를 적정 좌회전 차로 길이의 30~60%를 확보한 경우 TPCLT 적용 시 지체 감소에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

The quadriceps angle (Q angle) has been used to reflect the quadriceps muscle's force on the patella in the frontal plane. Previous investigations of the Q angle and it's relationship to knee disorders have yield equivocal results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors related to the Q angle and it's relation to other variables such as leg length, body weight, CTA (calcaneus to tibia angle), TOA (toe out angle), and pelvic width in normal subjects. The participants were 60 students (30 men and 30 women) who had no orthopedic and neurological impairments, aged from 20 to 29 years of age, with an average age of 22.1 years. Prior to participation, each subject was informed of the procedures of the experiment from a researcher and assistant researchers. The equipment used in this study were modified standard goniometer, ruler, marking pen, and Martin apparatus for pelvic width. In order to determine the statistical significance of the experiment, regression analysis, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation were used at the 0.05 level. The results were as follows: 1) It was found that the Q angle of women is greater than that of men's from both knees. 2) There was no significant difference between right and left quadriceps angle. 3) The Q angle decreased as the body weight (leg length) shifted from low to high. 4) It seems that factors related to the Q angle were body weight, CTA, and pelvic width, but there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the correlations between muscle strength of the ankle and balance, walking in the elderly. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects were selected from a population of female volunteers. Measurement of balance ability included evaluation of timed "up and go", functional reach, and a one leg standing test. Measurement of walking analysis included evaluation of cadence, stride length, step length, and walking speed. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the ankle muscle strength was measured by use of a dynamometer. Results: For balance, there were significant negative correlations between timed "up and go" and the MVIC of the ankle dorsiflexor. There were significant positive correlations between one leg standing with the eyes closed and the MVIC of the ankle dorsiflexor. For walking, there were significant positive correlations between cadence, walking speed and the MVIC of the ankle dorsiflexor. Conclusion: This study showed that there were close relationships between muscle strength of the ankle dorsiflexor and walking and balance in the elderly.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between balance control ability and leg circumference, proprioception, range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength in young adults. Methods: The subjects of this study were 30 university students who were enrolled in D university in Gyeongbuk province. We measured the dynamic balance and static balance using the Biorescue. The muscular strengths of the hip, knee, and ankle joints were measured using a muscle contraction dynamometer. The ROM and proprioception were measured using an inclinometer. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlations between balance control ability and variables. Results: Sway length was significantly correlated with knee and hip joint muscle strength, ROM, and proprioception of hip and ankle joints (p<0.05). Sway speed was significantly correlated with ROM and proprioception in hip joints (p<0.05). Limit of stability was significantly correlated with muscle strength and ROM in ankle joints, and proprioception in hip, knee, and ankle joints (p<0.05). Conclusion: The sway length was most related to hip extension and ankle joint plantar flexion in the range of motion and ankle joint plantar flexion in proprioception. Overall, balance training for young adults will be of effective help if the treatment focuses on the knee and hip joints, range of motion and the ankle and hip joints' proprioception.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 1998

The objective of the study was to observe the difference of moving function of lower-limb in relation to the length 8t silouutte of tight skirt. Four types of tight skirts (2 lengths$\times$2 silhouettes) were made for the experiment. The surface E.M.S in four different locations of leg muscles (Rectos femoris, Semitendinosus, Tibalis anterior, Gastrocnemius) were recorded. The sensory test to decide how to be fatigued after longtime wearing of skirt were examined two times per a day. The fatigue sensory test was scored a Likert-type scale (1= no fatigue, 5=heavy fatigue). Data were analyzed by the repeated ANOVA ann Duncan's multiple range test with use of SAS Package. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. As a result of analysis of E.M.S., in case of walking on the floor there was significant difference in the moving function according to length of skirt and in case of stepping there was significant differnce in three ways (length silhouette, length, silhouette). 2. From the record of walking the step-length, stride-length, step-width were found affected by garments, but foot-angle was not affected. The moving function of slim type was lower than that of semi type and that of ankle-length skirt was lower than that of knee-length skirt. 3. The results of the sensory test agreed with that of E.M.G and Footprints.