• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.199-215
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• 2006

In this study of the documentation process, a toddler's behavior was interpreted through use of text and picture both of which are subjective representations of reality. Two teachers deconstructed and reconstructed their knowledge of a photographed toddler by first referring to scientific theories from a text. They used these theories to analyze markings drawn on paper by the toddler in the photograph. But, the theories from the text were transformed into a new theory in the documentation process of reflecting on the history of markings in different contexts. Thus, the semiotics of pictures and texts changed in addition to change in meanings. This demonstrates the variability of signs, as in the concept of "rhizome" (Deleuze and Guattari, 1999).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

Robert Venturi's theories like 'Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture' and 'Symbolism of Architecture' had a major impact on architects in postmodern culture and we could have his contextual understandings in those theories. In his early books, "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" and "Learning from Las Vegas", Robert Venturi showed theories related to context several times. But with looking at existing books or papers, we could barely see well-organized studies about his contextual understandings. So this study shows contextual approaches and thoughts with those theories, 'Complex and contradictory architecture', 'Architectural order and conventional architecture', 'Discontinuity in internal and external architecture', and 'Symbolism of architecture' in his two books. In those four theories, Venturi's contextual understandings are as fellows. To begin with, he developed contextual theories in architecture, understanding a whole building embracing each architectural factor, with architectural thoughts of complexity and contradiction. Second, he stressed architectural order to link each contradictory factor and used conventional architecture, as for existing common and ordinary things, to make available communication. Conventional factors were applied to urban viewpoints. Given the fact that contemporaries shared those factors, we could see contextual understandings in his approach. On top of that, unlike modern architects, he understood that functions of the inside and the outside were two different things. Based on contextual thoughts, he tried applying 'facade' that is one side providing an interface between in and out of a building to surroundings. Last, he wanted to express any meaningful connection between present and past, using symbolism in architecture. Presented by symbolism of architecture, architectural functions, architectural uses, historical meaning, ordinary factors, or something were also based on sharing in contemporary people. As the methodology to show these contextual factors, Venturi used an approach of symbolism.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2006

Melody is defined as adding spatial dimension to the rhythm which is temporal concept. Being able to understand melodic pattern and to reproduce the pattern also requires cognitive skills. Since 1980, there has been much research on the relationship between academic skills and music cognitive skills, and how to transfer the skills learned in music work to the academic learning. The study purported to examine various research outcomes dealing with the correlational and causal relationships between musical and academic skills. The two dominating theories explaining the connection between two skills ares are "neural theory" and "near transfer theory." The theories focus mainly on the transference of spatial and temporal reasoning which are reinforced in the musical learning. The study reviewed the existing meta-analysis studies, which provided evidence for positive correlation between academic and musical skills, and significance of musical learning in academic skills. The study further examined specific skills area that musical learning is correlated, such as mathematics and reading. The research stated that among many mathematical concepts, proportional topics have the strongest correlation with musical skills. Also with reading, temporal processing also has strong relationship with auditory skills and motor skills, and further affect language and literacy ability. The study suggest that skills learned in the musical work can be transferred to other areas of learning and structured music activities may be every efficient for children for facilitating academic concepts.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

The 7th Curriculum emphasizes that in mathematics classes, mathematical concepts be understood and mathematical problems be solved through student's own exploratory activities including the use of data, manipulatives, andtechnological devices. Following the main idea of the Seventh Mathematics Curriculum, this paper dealt with instructional methods applied suitably and effectively in mathematics classes, and focused on the 'exploratory learning in groups' method in mathematics education. For this purpose, this paper reviewed and summarized theories related to general pedagogy and of mathematics education. Based on the results, it investigated appropriate instructional methods in mathematics education. In particular, this paper focused on studying the exploratory learning method while investigating its properties and understand- ing the relationship between the 'exploratory learning in groups' method and the discussion-centered method. Finally, in order to show the usefulness of the exploratory learning method, this paper developed an example of a teaching module using the exploratory learning method in addition to discussion and lecture-centered methods by the use of manipulatives. The main goal of the module was to make students understand the principle of multiplication of integers.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.588-592
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• 2015

Many studies have affirmed a negative influence of fragmentation on learning and knowledge sharing in construction projects. However, the literature overlooked enablers of learning within this context. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that facilitate project learning and ways to negate any unbecoming effects of fragmentation. Qualitative study used to explore the enablers through interviews administered to 11 top management individuals working in different construction projects in Malaysia. The findings revealed the following factors: participation, relationships, togetherness, and roles of project leader and coordinator. The role of boundary objects was also highlighted including information technology (IT), contract and procedures, drawings, specifications, and reports. The outcome of this paper initiates the development of a model for better knowledge creation and sharing in construction projects. The significance of this model stems from its ability to connection both the characteristics of construction project and project learning theories using the enablers. It is envisaged that future work will be to confirm the model in a quantitative study.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

One of the challenges that online learners face is feeling of isolation and diminishing desire of maintaining active participation during e-learning. Social presence, that is considered to be a vital factor in e-learning, is recently started to receive a support from the field. Although research indicated a significant role of social presence in both learning process and learning outcome, there is no widely accepted measurement scale of social presence. This study, therefore, developed a new scale to measure social presence based on the existing theories and validated it against 723 participants. Nineteen self-report items with three dimensions, co-presence, influence, and cohesiveness, were identified and validated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in a preliminary and a follow-up study.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.6-27
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• 2016

There has been a growing interest and enthusiasm for the application of virtual worlds in learning and training. This research proposes a design framework of a virtual world-based learning environment that integrates two unique features of the virtual world technology, immersion and interactivity, with an instructional strategy that promotes self-regulatory learning. We demonstrate the usefulness and assess the effectiveness of our design in the context of information security learning. In particular, the information security learning module implemented in Second Life was incorporated into an Introduction to Information Security course. Data from pre- and post- learning surveys were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the learning module. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the virtual world-based learning environment enhances information security learning, thus supporting the effectiveness of the proposed design framework. Additional results suggest that learner traits have an important influence on learning outcomes through perceived enjoyment. The study offers useful design and implementation guidelines for organizations and universities to develop a virtual world-based learning environment. It also represents an initial step towards the design and explanation theories of virtual world-based learning environments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.248-267
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• 2023

Cultural heritage teaching and learning, which uses cultural heritage as educational content, has not been sufficiently analyzed and studied based on clear educational theories so far. Among educational theories, constructivism is a theory in which learning is a process of constructing learning contents determined by learners' individual experiences and interests, and the result is evaluated as a confirmation of whether or not they have the ability to carry out the process. Cultural heritage is a lively and interesting social and cultural product, and it is an educational content that has sufficient educational function and meaning for a textbook. It is considered to be a very meaningful study to apply the constructivist educational theory to the educational contents of cultural heritage with these characteristics. Based on this awareness of the problem, this study examined the characteristics and principles of constructivist teaching and learning, the characteristics of cultural heritage, and the principles of constructivist teaching and learning on a theoretical basis. In addition, from the perspective of constructivism, the current cultural heritage teaching and learning was analyzed and problems were derived. Based on this, the direction of cultural heritage teaching and learning is that the cultural heritage teaching and learning process should be learner-centered, the teaching and learning principle should be cognitive conflict, the teaching and learning content should be in the form of task solving, and teaching and learning activities should be cooperative. presented. In addition, an example of a program was presented to specifically show the actual state of teaching and learning of cultural assets from the perspective of constructivism. Cultural heritage teaching and learning research from the perspective of constructivism will be an opportunity to discover new meanings of cultural heritage that we have not yet found, and it will also serve as an opportunity to present and establish the direction of cultural heritage teaching and learning, which has been barren until now.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2016

Purpose - There are numerous theories for retail trade area analysis which are designed to select candidate locations for new stores. In this study, comparative analysis on the characteristics from those of the theories are shown, and the explanation for the power in consumers' store-choice behaviors and their limitations are examined. Also, plans for improving commercial sphere analysis are explored. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is based on literature reviews with normative research methodology. Among many researches regarding the analysis on the location and commercial sphere for launching a new store, researches relying on statistics are excluded in this study since they belong to the marketing research area,. Results - In the Law of retail gravitation, Huff's model multinomial logit model and etc. are mutual complementary mathematical techniques for analyzing commercial spheres and each of them has its own characteristics. These theories rely on the same hypothesis in which consumers are all believed to be behaving rationally under a similar behavioral system. However, the trial in explaining or estimating behavior of choosing a store with only a select size of the population that is objectively estimated by some major properties has limits in its credibility. Conclusion - Research on consumer's spatial behaviors can be fully illustrative and explainable when it has both quantitative approaches such as 'law of retail gravitation', 'logit model' and etc., and qualitative approaches like consumer's 'cognitive structure', 'learning status', 'image formation', 'attitude' and etc.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.141-153
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• 2002

Problem based learning(PBL) is one of the learning strategies from the constructivism. It is a learning centered students. The tutors are facillitators as activators, helpers and cooperators not organizer in the classrooms. PBL makes that students learn creativity, independence, reasoning skits, communication and collaboration for problem solving. As the PBL process, students get the problems that are in real situation, discussed with others for brain storming, self directed study and revisited to the situation. They think critically and apply to the real situation. When students are to be physical therapists, they are easy to adopt their job and efficient to manage well. But inspite of a lot of advantages to them, there are much conflict to use as the learning strategies. Students perceived one of best learning method that they have experienced, but there are stress, burden, anxiety, timeless to prepare, lack of information and so on. PBL is effective to learning health oriented subjects, problem solving, even a lot preparation and processing for learning. It is reduced the differences between theories in colleges and practices in the fields. In processing of PBL, students get more many skills than the conventional learning. As trying many times to the classrooms, we can fixed to PBL with mistakes and conflict for better the development of the teaching and learning.