• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.789-797
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to establish the refined model for prediction of flocculation/sedimentation efficiency in factual drinking water treatment plants using model tree technique. In order to carry out machine leaning for determining each linear model, five parameters; time, coagulant dose, raw water turbidity, SCD and conductivity, which were measured and collected from the field (K_DWTP), were selected and used. The existing analytical models developed by previous researchers were used only to examine closely the mechanism of flocculation rather than to apply it for practical purpose. The refined model established using model tree technique in this study could predict the factual sedimentation efficiency accurately (below 9% of average absolute error). Also, in aspect of engineering convenience, without any additional manipulation of parameters, it can be applied to practical works.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.85-93
• /
• 2015

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2011

Six pine trees (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) at the Euilimji Lake Park in Jecheon were collected to investigate tree ages, growth decline pattern and the years of death. Tree-ring measurement was carried out using the Lintab with a resolution of 0.01mm. Tree age were 80-176 years. Cross-dating between the tree-ring series of each tree and the local chronology from Worak Mountain resulted that four and two trees died in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Three dead trees had only formed earlywood in the outermost tree ring and the others had incomplete latewood. Therefore, it was proven that the former trees died between spring and early summer, whereas the later ones died during late summer and/or autumn. The simultaneous deaths of trees suggest the insect damage and/or drought may be the crucial reason of the death, but frequent reaction woods, which were formed by leaning stem, and scars formed by physical damage may also contribute to the death.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.305-308
• /
• 2003

요즘 사람들이 많이 즐기는 전략 게임은 전략 시뮬레이션이라는 말이 무색할 정도로 장르가 가지는 특성 을 이행하지 못하고 있다. 그래서 게이머들은 별다른 전략 없이 쉽게 컴퓨터를 상대로 쉽게 게임을 승리 할 수 있게 됐다. 이것은 게임의 재미를 크게 반감시키는 한 요인이 된다. 전략 게임의 컴퓨터 플레이어에게 상황 판단과 학습 능력을 갖게 하면, 게이머가 보다 재미있게 컴퓨터와 대전을 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 인공지능을 가지는 컴퓨터 플레이어에 사용될 Default 추론 엔진과 컴퓨터 플레이어의 작전과 행동을 결정하기 위한 action & strategy generator 시스템을 연구한다. Default 추론 엔진은 귀납적 학습방법을 통 해서 컴퓨터 플레이어가 추론 및 학습을 할 수 있는 정보를 생성하게 된다. 이렇게 생성된 정보를 바탕으로 컴퓨터 캐릭터의 행동과 전략을 결정한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 전략 게임에 인공 지능으로 machine leaning 기법 중의 하나인 decision Tree 틀 사용하였다. decision Tree를 적용하여 기존 컴퓨터 플레이어의 행위와 어떻게 다른지 차별성을 밝혀내고, 컴퓨터 플레이어가 향상된 전략을 구사할 수 있게 하는 것이 주된 목표다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.282-290
• /
• 2019

Recently child abuse has occurred frequently in educational institutions such as daycare center and kindergarten. Therefore, government made it mandatory to install CCTVs, but it is not easy to inspect the CCTV images. In this paper, we propose a model for judging child abuse using CCTV images. First of all, child abuse is a physical abuse of children by adults, thus a model for classifying adults and children is needed. The existing Haar scheme uses the frontal image to classify adults and children. However, the OpenPose allows to classify adults and children regardless of frontal and side image. In this research, a child abuse judgment model was designed and implemented by applying characteristics of adult and child posture when a child was abused. Since the implemented system utilizes the currently installed CCTV image, it is possible to monitor the child abuse in real time without any additional installation, which enables us to cope with the abuse promptly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.113 no.2
• /
• pp.222-238
• /
• 2024

Coniferous species in subalpine ecosystems are known to be highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to monitor community and population dynamics. This study monitored 37 plots within the distribution area of Abies koreana on Mt. Jirisan for a period of eight years. We analyzed the importance value, density of living stems, mortality rate, recruitment rate, basal area, DBH (diameter of breast height) class distribution, and tree health status. Our results showed changes in the importance value based on the tree stratum, with A. koreana decreasing by 3.6% and Tripterygium regelii increasing by 2.5% in the tree layer. Between 2015 and 2023, there were 149 dead trees/ha (17.99% mortality rate) and 12 living trees/ha (1.02% recruitment rate) of A. koreana. The decrease in basal area was attributed to a decrease in the number of living trees. Tree mortality occurred in all DBH classes, with a particularly high decline in the <10 cm class (65 trees/ha reduced). In terms of changes in tree health status, the population of alive standing (AS) type trees, initially consisting of 539 trees/ha, has been transformed into alive standing (AS), alive lean (AL), and death standing (DS), accounting for 69.7%, 0.5%, and 13.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, DS-type trees have transitioned into dead broken (DB) and dead fallen (DF) types. This phenomenon is believed to be caused by strong winds in the subalpine region that pull up the rootlets from the soil. Further research on this finding is recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2021

This study studied the value of the spatial organization of the temple and the form of the garden located in the Seojang area in the southwestern regions of China. The value of the Lama temple was looked into by examining the relationship between Lamaism and Lama temple through the spatial organiz ation, building arrangement, and garden of temples that served as the center of history, culture, and politics of the time in the process of converging Buddhism introduced through China's central districts and India with folk beliefs in Seojang through the poor environment. To this end, the value of the space and garden of the Lama temple was derived through the representative Lama temples, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple. First, due to the unique environment in which ice caps and green areas coexist, the representative Lama temples in Seojang, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple, are widely distributed in the form of leaning against valleys and mountain ranges based on folk beliefs and Buddhism's Jatabuli(自他不二) and mandala. the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Second, the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Buildings for worship are located in the upper space, and spaces for practice and garden are located in the lower space. The garden existed in two main forms. Third, the garden existed in two main forms. Located in the center of the practice space, the garden had an ideal structure to plant bo tree to escape from the two false obsession and go to a world of truth that is with the Buddha behind the world through practice like Sakyamuni, and there was a garden around the temple where meditation and exchange took place. Evergreen coniferous forests are mainly planted in the forests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.110 no.4
• /
• pp.590-600
• /
• 2021

This study compared the stand structure of Abies koreana forests between Mt. Jirisan and Mt. Hallasan by analyzing DBH distribution, stem vitality, crown structure, importance value, species diversity, and DCA. The data were acquired through the national long-term ecological research project conducted by the Ministry of Environment. In the comparison of DBH class distribution, the stem density of A. koreana with DBH < 20 cm was higher in Mt. Hallasan than that in Mt. Jirisan; however, the stem density of A. koreana with DBH > 20 cm was higher in Mt. Jirisan than that in Mt. Hallasan. For A. koreana stem vitality, the ratio of alive standing was higher in Mt. Jirisan (72.0%) than in Mt. Hallasan (60.7%), whereas the ratio of alive leaning was higher in Mt. Hallasan (10.2%) than in Mt. Jirisan (1.1%). A. koreana stand in Mt. Jirisan was a mature stand with four evenly developed and distinct layers, whereas the tree layer in Mt. Hallasan was less than 10 m and the stand had three layers without a subtree layer. Mt. Hallasan's importance value of A. koreana was 39.4% higher than Mt. Jirisan's importance value of 26.6%. The species diversity of the A. koreana community of Mt. Jirisan was 2.52 times higher than that of Mt. Hallasan, which was 1.58. DCA results revealed that the average distance between Mt. Jirisan and Mt. Hallasan was relatively distinguished, and the degree of scattering of species composition of Mt. Jirisan was relatively dense compared with that of Mt. Hallasan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.495-503
• /
• 2014

In recent days, a study of the intrusion detection system collecting and analyzing network data, packet or logs, has been actively performed to response the network threats in computer security fields. In particular, Bayesian network has advantage of the inference functionality which can infer with only some of provided data, so studies of the intrusion system based on Bayesian network have been conducted in the prior. However, there were some limitations to calculate high detection performance because it didn't consider the problems as like complexity of the relation among network packets or continuos input data processing. Therefore, in this paper we proposed two methodologies based on K-menas clustering to improve detection rate by reforming the problems of prior models. At first, it can be improved by sophisticatedly setting interval range of nodes based on K-means clustering. And for the second, it can be improved by calculating robust CPT through applying weighted-leaning based on K-means clustering, too. We conducted the experiments to prove performance of our proposed methodologies by comparing K_WTAN_EM applied to proposed two methodologies with prior models. As the results of experiment, the detection rate of proposed model is higher about 7.78% than existing NBN(Naive Bayesian Network) IDS model, and is higher about 5.24% than TAN(Tree Augmented Bayesian Network) IDS mode and then we could prove excellence our proposing ideas.