• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.563-569
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• 2016

The spatial patterns for temperature distribution on crape myrtle leaves infested with sooty mold were investigated using a digital infrared thermal imaging camera. The mean temperatures of the control and sooty regions were $26.98^{\circ}C$ and $28.44^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the thermal images, the sooty regions appeared as distinct spots, indicating that the temperatures in these areas were higher than those in the control regions on the same leaves. This suggests that the sooty regions became warmer than their control regions on the adaxial leaf surface. Neither epidermal penetration nor cell wall dissolution by the fungus was observed on the adaxial leaf surface. It is likely that the high temperature of black leaves have an increased cooling load. To our knowledge, this is the first report on elevated temperatures in sooty regions, and the results show spatial heterogeneity in temperature distribution across the leaf surface.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.338-340
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• 2021

Morus alba, known as White Mulberry, is one of the most common species of mulberry found in South Korea, along with M. australis, known as Korean Mulberry. During a routine survey to investigate fungal diseases on deciduous broad-leaved trees in 2020, leaf spots were consistently observed on the White Mulberry in Sejong-si (36°30'12.8"N 127°17'34.5"E) and Wonju-si (37°15'29.6"N 128°11'37.9"E), South Korea, with a disease incidence of approximately 70 to 80%. Symptoms included circular, tan or necrotic lesions surrounded by a dark margin on leaves, which, in some cases, the lesions coalesced to form relatively large necrotic regions. The pathogen was successfully isolated from M. alba, and was identified as Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based on the phylogenetic analysis and morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease on M. alba caused by C. pseudocladosporioides in South Korea.

• Plant Resources
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Soil borne wheat mosaic virus(SbWMV) in barley fields in Korea and to examine the host pathogenicity of SbWMV. By using the ELISA test, SbWMV was detected in the six regions : Suwon, Milyang, Jinju, Youngkwang, Iksan, and Chonju. SbWMV was isolated from the two strains, Albori strain from Jinju and Eunpamil strain from Milyang. SbWMV was collected from leaves showing mosaic, yellowing and necrosis stripes. SbWMV was inoculated mechanically on 1∼1.5 leaf stages with leaf-rubbing to identify the host pathogenicity of 36 Korean barley cultivars, a wheat cultivar, two rye cultivars, three Japanese barley cultivars and Chenopodium amaranticola. Viral sympoms of inoculated leaves appeared on moulted loaves about 4 to 6 weeks of inoculation. Baegdong and Tapgolbori, infected from Albori strain and Eunpamil strain infected from Samdobori showed much higher susceptibility than C. amaranticola and C. quinoa which showed ring spots and chlorotic spots respectively. Virus particles were observed by the electron microscope. They were rod-shapes, which are bipartite, of 142 nm or 281 nm in length with 20 nm diameter on infected leaves. Specific detection and identification of SbWMV was set up using the RT-PCR. PCR fragments of SbWMV(0.5kb) were obtained by using the designed primers for SbWMV RNA 2.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 2007

2006년 부산광역시 강서구 칼란코에 재배포장에서 잎에 점무늬병이 심하게 발생하였다. 이병 식물체를 채집하여 병징을 관찰하고 병원균 분리한 다음 균학적 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 병징은 잎의 앞뒤에 갈색 또는 암갈색의 작은 점무늬가 나타나는데, 아래 잎에서부터 병반이 생기고 크기는 $1{\sim}5\;mm$로 약간 괴사되면서 심할 경우 낙엽되었다. 균총은 벨벳트색, 회색 또는 회갈색이며 균사 생육적온은 $25^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$이었다. 분생포자는 단생, 갈색이며 실린더, 곤봉형 또는 장타원형으로 횡격막이 $1{\sim}4$개 있으며 크기는 $24{\sim}65\;{\times}\;12{\sim}23\;{\mu}m$이었다. 분생포자경은 갈색, 격막은 $1{\sim}7$개가 있으며, 크기는 $32{\sim}135\;{\times}\;4{\sim}8\;{\mu}m$이었다. 이상과 같은 특징을 가진 병원균이 Stemphylium lycopersici임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 칼란코에 잎에 발생한 점무늬 증상을 S. lycopersici (Enjoji) Yamamoto에 의한 칼란코에 점무늬병이라고 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.149-152
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• 2003

전남 광양읍 봉강면의 양란 재배농가에서 재배되고 있는 덴파레에 검은점무늬병이 발생하였다. 자연 발병한 덴파레의 잎에는 초기에 검은색의 작은 점무늬가 형성되어 점차 진전되면서 잎 전체가 누렇게 변하면서 고사해 버리며 소엽병의 마디가 약화되어 낙엽이 지고 심하면 식물체 전체가 말라죽었다. 검은점무늬병에 감염된 덴파레의 병환부로부터 분리된 병원균은 감자한천배지 상에서 초기에 흰색을 띠며, 점차 시간이 지남에 따라 진한 보라색을 띠었으며, 균사생장 적온은 $25^{\circ}C$였다. 덴파레 잎의 검은 점무늬 병반으로부터 분리한 병원균은 균학적 특성 및 병원성 검정 결과 Fusarium moniliforme로 동정되었다. 병원균은 상처 접종에 의해서만 덴파레에 병원성을 나타내었고, 호접란과 심비디움에 대해서도 모두 병원성을 나타내었다. 따라서 이 병을 Fusarium moniliforme에 의한 덴파레 검은점무늬병으로 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2000

Symptoms on 4 varieties of watermelons inoculated with watermelon mosaic potyvirus II isolated from watermelon (WMV-W) were severe mosaic and leaf malformation while those inoculated with cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus from watermelon (CGMMV-W) were mild mosaic and chlorotic spots. Inoculation of the mixture of WMV-W and CGMMV-W produced extremely severe mosaic along with necrotic spots and general necrosis. Doubly infected plants were also stunted. Cells infected with WMV-W or CGMMV-W alone exhibited the intrinsically ultra-structural properties of each virus infection. WMV-W induced potyvirus-characteristic cylindrical inclusions in the cytosol. Virus particles were orderly aligned along the tonoplasts. CGMMV-W induced tobamovirus-characteristic stacked crystalline arrays of virus particles in the cytosol. Cells infected doubly with WMV-W and CGMMV-W contained striking cytopathic effects that were not present in single infection of each virus. The unique ring structure, nonagon, was that a single potyvirus particle was surrounded by 9 CGMMV-W tobamovirus particles.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2023

Rice is an important food crop for most of the population in the world and it is largely cultivated in Pakistan. It not only fulfills food demand in the country but also contributes to the wealth of Pakistan. But its production can be affected by climate change. The irregularities in the climate can cause several diseases such as brown spots, bacterial blight, tungro and leaf blasts, etc. Detection of these diseases is necessary for suitable treatment. These diseases can be effectively detected using deep learning such as Convolution Neural networks. Due to the small dataset, transfer learning models such as vgg16 model can effectively detect the diseases. In this paper, vgg16, inception and xception models are used. Vgg16, inception and xception models have achieved 99.22%, 88.48% and 93.92% validation accuracies when the epoch value is set to 10. Evaluation of models has also been done using accuracy, recall, precision, and confusion matrix.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1988

10종(種) 19품종(品種)의 식물체(植物體)에 $SO_2$를 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 및 1.5ppm으로 09 : 00∼17 : 00의 8시간(時間)씩식물환경조절실(植物環境調節室)에서 접촉(接觸)시키고 가시피해(可視被害)를 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 배추(만춘, 조생미호, 서울, 전승), 무우(춘추알타리, 태백, 진주대평)와 고추(새로나, 홍산호, 홍일품)는 담갈색반점 ; 들깨, 금잔화, 국화와 사루비아는 흑갈색반점 ; 참깨(풍년, 광산)는 갈색반점(褐色斑點) ; 맨드라미는 적갈색(赤褐色), 변색(變色)으로 피해(被害)가 나타났다. 2) 무우, 배추, 고추, 들깨, 참깨, 금잔화, 사루비아는 엽맥간(葉脈間)에 반점(斑點)으로, 국화는 엽록(葉綠) 주위에 반점(斑點)으로, 맨드라미는 엽전면(葉全面)에 적갈변(赤褐變)으로 피해형태(被害形態)를 보였다. 3) 춘추알타리무우, 들깨, 참깨(풍년, 광산)와 사루비아는 0.4ppm에서도 피해(被害)를 보였고, 전승배추, 고추(홍일품, 새로나), 맨드라미는 1.5ppm에서만 피해(被害)를 나타냈다. 4) 감수성(感受性)이 높은 것은 들깨, 참깨, 사루비아, 춘추알타리무우였고, 내성종(은 국화, 배추, 맨드라미와 금잔화이었다.19품종(品種)의 식물체(植物體)에 $SO_2$를 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 및 1.5ppm으로 $09\;:\;00{\sim}17\;:\;00$의 8시간(時間)씩 식물환경조절실(植物環境調節室)에서 접촉(接觸)시키고 가시피해(可視被害)를 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 배추(만춘, 조생미호, 서울, 전승), 무우(춘추알타리, 태백, 진주대평)와 고추(새로나, 홍산호, 홍일품)는 담갈색반점 ; 들깨, 금잔화, 국화와 사루비아는 흑갈색반점 ; 참깨(풍년, 광산)는 갈색반점(褐色斑點) ; 맨드라미는 적갈색(赤褐色), 변색(變色)으로 피해(被害)가 나타났다. 2) 무우, 배추, 고추, 들깨, 참깨, 금잔화, 사루비아는 엽맥간(葉脈間)에 반점(斑點)으로, 국화는 엽록(葉綠) 주위에 반점(斑點)으로, 맨드라미는 엽전면(葉全面)에 적갈변(赤褐變)으로 피해형태(被害形態)를 보였다. 3) 춘추알타리무우, 들깨, 참깨(풍년, 광산)와 사루비아는 0.4ppm에서도 피해(被害)를 보였고, 전승배추, 고추(홍일품, 새로나), 맨드라미는 1.5ppm에서만 피해(被害)를 나타냈다. 4) 감수성(感受性)이 높은 것은 들깨, 참깨, 사루비아, 춘추알타리무우였고, 내성종(耐性種)은 국화, 배추, 맨드라미와 금잔화이었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2010

Chinese fir (Latin name: Cunninghaimia lanceolata) is one of the major commercial coniferous trees. Most of Chinese fir forests are managed in successive rotation sites, which lead productivity to decline. Autotoxicity is the important reason for soil degradation of Chinese fir plantation, especially, phenolic acids are considered as the major allelopathic toxins which induce autotoxicity in Chinese fir rotation stands. We performed here proteomic approach to investigate the response of proteins in Chinese fir leaves to salicylic acid. The tube plantlets of Chinese fir clone were treated with 120 mg/L salicylic acid for 1, 3 and 5th day. 2-DE, coupled with MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS, was used to separate and identify the responsive proteins. We found 12, 7, and 12 candidate protein spots that were up- or down-regulated by at least 2.5 fold after 1, 3, and 5th day of the stress, respectively. Of these protein spots, 16 spots were identified successfully. According to the putative physiological functions, these proteins were categorized into five classes (1) the proteins involved in protein stability and folding, including 26S proteome, Grp78, Hsp70, Hsp90 and PPIase; (2) the protein involved in photosynthesis and respiration, including OEC 33 kDa subunit, GAPDH; (3) the protein related to cell endurance to acid, F-ATPase; (4) the protein related to cytoskeleton, tubulin; (5) the protein related to protein translation: prolyl-tRNA synthetase. These results give new insights into autotoxic substance stress response in Chinese fir leaves and provide preliminary footprints for further studies on the molecular signal mechanisms induced by the stress.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.217-222
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• 1996

인공산성비(pH 2.7)를 2-3일 간격으로 15회에 걸쳐 1회에 10mm씩 배추와 무의 잎, 토양, 잎과 토양에 처리하여 인공산성비의 처리위치가 가시적 피해증상, 잎의 엽록소 함량, 무기물의 함량, 그리고 수량에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인공산성비를 잎에 처리할 때 배추와 무는 갈색 반점이 다소 발생하였으나 토양에 처리할 때는 피해증상이 없었다. 특히 배추는 결구가 되었을 때는 구의 잎 끝이 갈변하고, 잎에 흑갈색 반점이 발생하였으며, 심하면 잎 전체가 탈색되었다. 2. 인공산성비 처리는 배추 잎의 엽록소 함량을 증가시켰으나 무에서는 차이가 없었다. 3. 배추와 무 모두 N, P, K 함량과 배추의 황 함량은 인공산성비 처리위치간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 무 잎중 황 함량은 잎이나 토양에 인공산성비를 처리한 것이 황 함량이 높았으며, 뿌리중 황 함량은 토양에 인공산성비를 처리한 것이 잎에 인공산성비를 처리한 것이나 인공산성비를 처리하지 않은 것보다 높았다. 4. 배추의 수량은 인공산성비의 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 무는 인공산성비에 의하여 수량이 감소하였는데 특히 잎에 인공산성비를 처리한 것은 뿌리의 수량을 현저히 감소시켰다.