• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2003

Mathematical constants for multiplication with leaf length (I) or breadth (b) or l ${\times}$ b have been worked out for determining leaf area in promising mulberry genotypes viz., Chinese White, S-146, Chak Majra and Sujanpur Local of sub-tropical India. When pooled, the mathematical constants worked out were 8.1132, 10.1019 and 0.5992 for multiplication with leaf length, breadth and l ${\times}$ b, respectively, for genotypes bearing un-lobbed leaves and 6.9447, 8.2761 and 0.5009 for multiplication with leaf length, breadth and l ${\times}$ b, respectively for genotypes bearing lobbed leaves. Leaf area can be worked out by using any constant by multiplying either with leaf length or breadth or both (l ${\times}$ b). Estimated leaf areas worked out were found significantly and positively correlated with actual leaf area (r＝999$^{＊＊}$). The suggested present non-destructive method by using mathematical constants is very quick and alternative to electronic leaf area meter for spot leaf area determination in mulberry which is the only food source for mulberry silkworm in sericulture industry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2023

Little is known of the life history of Garcinia kola; the objective of this study, therefore, was to assess the fruiting age and tree size of the species in a coastal humid tropical climate plantation condition. A total 103 trees were used in the study viz; 80 ten-year-old trees at reproductive maturity onset and 13 thirty-year-old trees with several cycles of reproduction that constitute two independent variables. Data collected were age of onset of flowering and size at reproductive maturity onset. Relative size at reproductive maturity onset (RSOM) was estimated as size at reproductive maturity onset (SOM) divided by asymptotic maximal size (AMS). Data analysis was conducted using pairwise t-test and principal component analysis (PCA). Reproductive maturity onset (flowering) was recorded in the ten-year-old stand eight (8) years after planting. Mean size at reproductive maturity onset (SOM) was height 5.32±1.7 m, dbh 0.11±0.03 m, total number of branches was 29.6±7.3, crown depth 5.24±1.05 m, crown diameter was 4.78±0.7 m, branch diameter 0.098±0.01 m, leaf length 0.13±0.02 m, leaf breadth 0.37±0.01 m, twig length 0.35±0.11 m and leaf per twig 6±0.84 and asymptotic maximal size (AMS) was height 19.85±0.76 m, dbh 0.95±0.09 m, total number of branches 62±5, crown depth 18.83±0.7 m, crown diameter 12.5±1.64 m, branch diameter 0.5±1.6 m, leaf length 0.16±0.023 m, leaf breadth 0.45±0.12 m, twig length 0.37±0.11 m and leaf per twig 19±7.5. Pairwise t-test analysis showed there was significant differences between SOM and AMS in all growth factors except leaf length, leaf breadth, and twig length. Highest relative size at reproductive maturity onset (RSOM) was recorded in leaf length 0.82, twig length 0.82, and leaf breadth 0.80, while, the lowest was branch diameter 0.11. Four components out of the total of eleven were extracted to explain the relationship in RSOM: Principal component one (PC1) explained 37.23%; PC2 26.4%, PC3 22.73%, and PC4 13.64%.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

The Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata, which are said to be relatively drought tolerant among the important genus Quercus that represent deciduous broad-leaved forests in Korea. These two species are widely distributed worldwide in Korea, Japan and China (northern, central, western and eastern subtropical regions). This study compared the ecological niche breadth and overlap according to growth response in 4 soil moisture gradients for the two species and tried to reveal degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics. The ecological niche breadth was 0.977±0.020 for Q. variabilis and 0.979±0.014 for Q. dentata, the latter being slightly wider. And they were similar in 5 traits (stem length, leaf lamina length, leaf width length, stem weight, leaf petiole weight), Q. variabilis was more dominant in 4 traits (leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf petiole length), and Q. dentata was more dominant in 7 traits (root length, shoot length, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight, leaf petiole weight). The ecological niche overlap for soil moisture between the two species overlapped most in plant structure-related traits and least in photosynthetic organ-related traits such as petiole length. As a result of principal component analysis, degree of competition between the two species for soil moisture was more severe when the soil moisture condition was low than high. Among the measured traits that affect the two-dimensional distribution, 8 traits (Leaves number, Shoot length, Stem length, Plant weight, Root weight, Shoot weight, Stem weight, Leaves weight) were correlated with the factor 1, and 2 traits (Leaf width length, Leaf petiole weight) were correlated with the factor 2 (r>0.5). These results show that the ecological response of the two species to soil moisture is not a few traits involved, but several traits are involved simultaneously.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2007

유묘활력(early growth vigor, EGV)은 초기 생장의 빠르고 늦음을 나타내는 특성이다. 유묘활력의 품종간 변이 및 관련형질간의 상호관계를 검토하여 유묘활력 간접선발지표를 찾고자 2003년 한국품종, 중국품종, IRRI품종 등 총 140개 품종을 대상으로 플라스틱하우스에서 시기를 달리하여 저온기와 고온기 2회, 봄철 보온절충 못자리에서 1회 등 총 3회에 걸쳐서 EGV 및 그 관련 형질 들을 조사하였다. EGV는 파종 후 일정시기가 지난 후에 측정한 생장량(건물중 또는 엽면적)으로 평가할 수 있다. 생육초기 엽폭과 엽장으로 정의되는 EGV 관련형질은 배와 종자의 무게와 고도로 유의한 정의 상관관계가 있었다. 특히 3엽장의 유전변이는 종자무게의 유전변이에 의해 90%이상 설명할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 종자무게는 초기활력이나 그 관련형질에 크게 영향하기 때문에 유묘활력에 미치는 종자 무게의 영향을 제거하고자 종자무게와 유묘활력 및 관련요소들의 직선적 또는 지수적 관계(식)로부터 종자무게의 영향을 배제한 유묘활력 및 관련 형질의 값을 계산하였다 종자 무게의 영향을 제거한 보정 유묘활력(EGVA)과 그 관련형질들도 품종간 큰 변이를 나타내었다. 생육초기 잎들의 엽폭 및 엽장은 EGVA와 높은 유전상관을 보일 뿐만 아니라 높은 광의의 유전력을 보였다. 생육초기잎들의 엽폭(2엽의 90%, 3엽의 93%)이나 엽장(2엽의 87%, 3엽의 89%)의 광의의 유전력은 EGVA의 광의의 유전력 81%보다도 높았다. 따라서 생육초기 잎인 제2엽과 3엽의 엽장 및 엽폭은 EGV를 간접적으로 선발할 수 있는 지표로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1979

수도와 육도 각 10 품종씩을 동시에 논재배와 밭재배 하였을 때 양조건에서 일어나는 변이를 생태적면에서 검토한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 초장신장과 출엽속도는 전생육기간을 통하여 수도와 육도 모두 밭재배보다 논재배에서 빨랐다. 2. 엽신장은 전체적으로 수, 육도 모두 밭재배에서 길었으며 특히 3절위엽에서 가장 길었다. 또한 수도는 양 재배조건간의 변이에 품종간 차이가 있었으나 육도는 전품종이 밭재배에서 증가하였다. 3. 엽각과 엽폭은 수, 육도 모두가 대체적으로 밭재배에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 엽수는 전품종이 논재배보다 밭재배에서 증가하였다. 4. 출수는 전품종이 밭재배에서 현저히 지연되었으며 그 지연도는 육도보다 수도에서 컸다. 5. 간장은 수도의 전품종과 대부분의 육도가 논재배에서 증가하였으며 수장은 수도가 논재배에서, 육도가 밭재배에서 증가하는 경향이었고 고중은 대부분이 논재배에서 증가하는 편이었으나 Indica형의 육도는 밭재배에서 증가하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.453-461
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• 1994

Size class structure and vegetative growth of a perennial herb of the temperate deciduous forests, Symplocarpus renifolius Schott, were studied from 1991 to 1994 in Namhansansung, Kyonggi Province, Korea. The size class structures of leaf number and leaf area per individual followed bell-shape curve, i.e. frequency of middle class was relatively high. The leaf area increased from the late-March to mid-May. At the end of the growing season, leaf area(length X breadth) was proportional to biomass, especially aboveground biomass. The leaf number and leaf area per individual increased at the rate of 0.08 leaf/year and 9.7 $cm^2/year$, respectively. The size of the individuals in large-sized classes, in leaf number and leaf area, decreased in next year, while the size of the individuals in small-sized classes increased. Therefore, it was concluded that the size class structure of S. renifolius population was largely determined by the growth form.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2023

섬오갈피나무는 산림청 지정 희귀식물로 곶자왈에서 자생하는 낙엽활엽관목식물이다. 본 연구는 섬오갈피나무의 광, 수분, 유기물에 따른 생육 반응 분석과 생태 지위폭을 측정하고, 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 적합한 환경조건을 찾고자 시도되었다. 섬오갈피나무는 광량이 아주 많거나 적은 조건이 아닌 중간 조건(L3, 자연광의 50%)에서 지상부 길이, 엽면적, 식물체 잎 무게가 증가하였다. 수분 구배와 유기물 구배는 잎 수와 식물체 잎 무게에 대한 생육 차이가 있었으며 수분 구배에서는 중간 조건(M3, 240ml) 이하에서 생육이 좋았으며 유기물 구배에서는 중간 조건(N3, 12%) 이상에서 생육 반응이 좋았다. 또한 생태 지위폭은 수분(0.977) > 유기물함량(0.964) > 광(0.951) 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 섬오갈피나무가 선호하는 서식지는 다소 그늘지고 약간 건조하며 토양의 양분이 많은 곳이며, 생육에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 환경요인은 광량임을 뜻하는 것으로 자생지의 서식지 관리에 우선적 고려 사항이라 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.339-345
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• 1997

The Arisaema robustum, perennial non-stem herb, population in the temperate forest of Sanseong-ri, Joongbu-myeon, Kyonggi Province was studied for leaf pattern and leaf growth from 1993 to 1995. The area of each side leaflet was larger than that of the apical leaflet in 3-leaflet form plants. But there was no significant difference among the leaflets (apical, 1st side and 2nd side leaflet) in t-testing of the 5-leaflet form plants. The specific leaf area (SLA) of the 3-leaflet form plant was greater than that of the 5-leaflet form plant, and the difference was significant at 0.1%. But differences of SLA value among the leafleats of the same leaflet form plants were minor. The area of leaflets or total leaf area was inversely proportioned to the their SLA values. Especially, the correlation coefficients (CC) between leaf area and SLA in apical leaflets and side leaflets of the 3-leaflet form plant compared to the 1st side leaflets of the 5-leaflet form plants were significant at the level of 1%. The differences between two sides in the dry weight and area of leaflets starting from the apical leaflets were about 5%. The CC values between attributes of the petiole (length and dry weight) and those of leaf blades (dry weight, leaf area and SLA) were high and significant at a 1% level. Especially, The CC value between the dry weight of the petioles and that of the leaf blades was higher than any others (r=0.952). The morphologies of the leaf margins were entire, medium serrate and serrate, and the same plant showed the same type from year to year. The plants usually had one leaf and occasionally 2 leaves. 1-leaf plants usually had 3 or 5 leaflets and occasionally 2 or 4 leaflets. Each year, the ration of individuals having the same number of leaflets was 72%, and that of individuals having a different number of leaflets was 27.54% (an increase of 20.4% and a decrease of 7.1% respectively). In the individuals increasing in the number of leaflets, the ration of individuals shifting from the 3-leaflet from to the 5-leaflet form was 14%. The increase ration of leaf area per individual a year was 37%, and the increase ratios of the plants increasing in leaflets were 60-70% regardiness of leaflet increase. The ratios of leaflet length/breadth were about 1-2, and the variations of those were 0.182-0.286 each year (12-20%).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2003

To clarify whether the closely related species living in the same area is a population or populations ecologically, leaf morphology, specific leaf area, and fruit and seed production were studied in the natural group of sect. Pes-gallinaceua of Corydalis of Namhansansung area from 1999 to 2000. There were 352 plants in one square meter and total eight species or varieties were identified. Of the 352 plants, the number of C. turtschaninovii was the most with 103(29.3%), and that of C. ambigua was the next with 78(22.2%), and that of C. turtschaninovii var. fumariaefolia was the smallest with 9(2.6%). In the 28 plants having spotted leaves, central leaflet did not parted or again parted. The extent of partition with the plant was various from non-parted type to perfectly two-parted type (three leaflet). Between two extreme types, there were diverse types so that this character formed a gradient. The rate of length/breadth was in the range of 0.79~2.17. This character was related to the extent of leaflet partition but did not well expressed the distinguishing trait along a species. The number and the type of serration were diverse and there was no sharp borderline among the species or varieties. Ecological properties, specific leaf area, the number of fruit per plant, and the number of seed per fruit, varied with a wide range in a species or variety but differences between species or variety were not significant. Therefore, the Corydalis group studied was regarded as a population on the three criteria: (1) possibility of interbreeding, (2) continuity of leaf morphology, (3) irrelevance between character and species, (4) similarity of several ecological properties.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.18.1-18.5
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• 2014

Background: A six-week study involving two hundred and fifty (250) Harco Black layer birds at point of lay was conducted to investigate the effects of potential natural colorant on performance and Egg quality traits. The birds were assigned to five (5) dietary treatments, each containing supplements either of control, Baobab Leaf (BL), Waterleaf (WL), Red Pepper (RP), Canthaxanthin (CTX) at 40 g/kg feed and 50 mg/kg feed of natural and commercial colorants, respectively. Results: Performance records shows that there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in feed intake across the supplements of Red pepper, Water leaf, Canthaxanthin and control diet, however, birds fed Baobab leaf treatment had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) feed intake value (94.07 g) when compared with other treatments. Body weight gain and Hen Day Production were not significant influenced (p > 0.05) by the dietary treatments, although laying hens fed Baobab leaf supplement had lowest mean HDP of 48.80%, while birds fed Red pepper and Water leaf supplement had an average value of 52.79%. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of colorants on egg external traits, compared with the control; birds fed Canthaxanthin treatment had higher mean egg weight (51.79 g), egg length (4.55 g), egg breadth (3.29 g); Red pepper treatment had highest mean shell thickness (0.29 g), however these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Yolk height, Albumen height, Yolk index, and Haugh unit were not significantly affected (p > 0.05) across treatments. Yolk width was lowest (p < 0.05) in Baobab leaf treatment (2.54 cm); Red pepper, Water leaf and Canthaxanthin (2.89 cm, 2.62 cm and 2.89 cm respectively) were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the control (2.73 cm). Yolk colour score was significantly highest (p < 0.05) in Red pepper treatment (7.50); Water leaf, Baobab leaf and Canthaxanthin ranged between 2.25-3.31 on the DSM yolk colour fan, Control treatment had the lowest yolk colour score (p < 0.05) of 1.31. Conclusion: The study showed Red pepper as a worthy alternative to commercial yolk colorant. Water leaf and baobab are not good substitutes for canthaxanthin as a yolk colourant.