• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

The most critical health effect of lead exposure is the neurodevelopmental effect to children caused by the increased blood lead level. Therefore, the endpoint of the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites should be set at the blood lead level of children. In foreign countries, the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by estimating the increased blood lead level of children via oral intake and/or inhalation (United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA), or by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose of lead, which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM). For the risk assessment, USEPA employs Integrated-Exposure-Uptake-Biokinetic (IEUBK) Model to check whether the estimated portion of children whose blood lead level exceeds 10 µg/dL, threshold blood lead level determined by USEPA, is higher than 5%, while Dutch RIVM compares the estimated oral dose of lead to the threshold oral dose (2.8 µg/kg-day), which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children. In Korea, like The Netherlands, risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose; however, because the threshold oral dose listed in Korean risk assessment guidance is an unidentified value, it is recommended to revise the existing threshold oral dose described in Korean risk assessment guidance. And, if significant lead exposure via inhalation is suspected, it is useful to employ IEUBK Model to derive the risk posed via multimedia exposure (i.e., both oral ingestion and inhalation).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

As a result of intensive breeding, litter size has considerably increased in pig production over the last three decades. This has resulted in an increase in farrowing complications. Prolonged farrowing will shorten the window for suckling colostrum and reduce the chances for high-quality colostrum intake. Studies also agree that increasing litter sizes concomitantly resulted in decreased piglet birth weight and increased within-litter birth weight variations. Birth weight, however, is one of the critical factors affecting the prognosis of colostrum intake, and piglet growth, welfare, and survival. Litters of uneven birth weight distribution will suffer and lead to increased piglet mortality before weaning. The proper management is key to handle the situation. Feeding strategies before farrowing, management routines during parturition (e.g., drying and moving piglets to the udder and cross-fostering) and feeding an energy source to piglets after birth may be beneficial management tools with large litters. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-driven recovery from energy losses during lactation appears critical for supporting follicle development, the viability of oocytes and embryos, and, eventually, litter uniformity. This paper explores certain management routines for neonatal piglets that can lead to the optimization of their colostrum intake and thereby their survival in large litters. In addition, this paper reviews the evidence concerning nutritional factors, particularly lactation feeding that may reduce the loss of sow body reserves, affecting the growth of the next oocyte generation. In conclusion, decreasing birth weight and compromised immunity are subjects warranting investigation in the search for novel management tools. Furthermore, to increase litter uniformity, more focus should be placed on nutritional factors that affect IGF-1-driven follicle development before ovulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

Under a typical Mediterranean environment in southern Australia, the evaporation rate increases significantly in hot summers, resulting in highly saline drinking water for grazing animals. Also in the cropping areas, dryland salinity is a problem. Grazing animals under these environments can ingest excessive amount of salt from feed, drinking water and soil, which can lead to a reduction in growth rate. To understand the impact of high salt intake on grazing deer, two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of salt levels in drinking water on feed intake and growth rate of red and fallow weaner deer. The results revealed that fallow deer did not show any abnormal behaviour or sickness when salt level in drinking water was increased from 0% to 2.5%. Feed intake was not affected until the salt content in water exceeded 1.5%. Body weight gain was not affected by 1.2% salt in drinking water, but was reduced as salt content in water increased. Compared with deer on fresh water, the feed intake of red deer on saline water was 11-13% lower when salt level in drinking water was 0.4-0.8%. An increase in salt level in water up to 1% resulted in about a 30% reduction in feed intake (p<0.01). Body weight gain was significantly (p=0.004) reduced when salt level reached 1.2%. The deer on 1% salt tended to have a higher (p=0.052) osmotic pressure in serum. The concentration of P, K, Mg and S in serum was affected when salt level in water was over 1.0%. The results suggested that the salt level in drinking water should be lower than 1.2% for fallow weaner deer and 0.8% for red weaner deer to avoid any reduction in feed intake. Deer farmers need to regularly test the salt levels in drinking water on their farms to ensure that the salt intake of grazing deer is not over the levels that deer can tolerate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2009

We evaluated the vitamin A and E status of type 2 diabetic patients and normal adults living in Daegu area. Dietary intakes for two non-consecutive days were measured by 24-hour recall method for 76 diabetic patients and 72 normal adults. Plasma levels of retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were measured using HPLC method. Dietary intakes of vitamin A were not significantly different between the diabetic and the normal adults. However, the diabetic patients had significantly lower vitamin E intakes than the normal adults. Major food sources for vitamin A intake were red pepper powder and carrot. Half of the subjects from diabetic as well as normal adults consumed less than estimated average requirement of vitamin A. Plasma levels of retinol and tocopherol were maintained within normal ranges for most of the subjects regardless of diabetic status. Dietary intake of vitamin A was associated with vitamin E intake, however, there was no significant correlations between vitamin E intake and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels. It seems that diabetic patients should try to increase dietary intake of vitamin E, as prolonged lower-level intake of vitamin E could eventually lead to vitamin E depletion. Further studies are needed to identify the magnitude of dietary variance at individual and seasonal levels, and to understand the discrepancies in dietary intake and plasma levels before establishing the dietary reference intake based on Korean dietary pattern.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2012

This study investigated the preference and intake frequency of a list of 15 commonly available high sodium Malaysian foods/dishes, dis cretionary salt use, and their possible association with demographics, blood pressures and anthropometric measurements among 300 Malaysian university students (114 males, 186 females; 259 ethnic Chinese, 41 Indians; 220 lean, 80 overweight). French fries and instant soup noodle were found to be the most preferred and most frequently consumed salty food, respectively, while salted fish was least preferred and least frequently consumed. Males had a significantly higher intake frequency of at least 6 of the salty foods, but the preference of most salty foods was not significantly different between genders. Ethnic Chinese significantly preferred more and took more frequently traditional and conventional Malaysian foods like asam laksa (a Malaysian salty-sour-spicy noodle in fish stock), salted biscuits and salted vegetable, while Indians have more affinity and frequency towards eating salty Western foods. Body Mass Index was significantly negatively correlated with the intake frequency of canned/packet soup and salted fish while waist circumference was significantly positively correlated with the preference of instant noodle. Also, an increased preference of potato chips and intake frequency of salted biscuits seemed to lead to a decreased WHR. Other than these, all the other overweight/obesity indicators did not seem to fully correlate with the salty food preference and intake frequency. Nevertheless, the preference and intake frequency of asam laksa seemed to be significant negative predictors for blood pressures. Finally, increased preference and intake frequency of high sodium shrimp paste (belacan)-based foods like asam laksa and belacan fried rice seemed to discourage discretionary salt use. In conclusion, the preference and intake frequency of the high sodium belacan-based dish asam laksa seems to be a good predictor for ethnic difference, discretionary salt use and blood pressures.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2009

국내에 유통되고 있는 국산, 수입 한약재 60품목에 대하여 품목당 10개씩 총 600개를 선정하여 중금속 중 납, 카드뮴, 비소 와 수은 4가지의 오염현황을 파악하고, 한약재를 우리가 직접 섭취하는 제제 형태인 탕제로 만들어 중금속의 이행률을 산정하였다. 모니터링 결과 허용한계치를 초과한 납은 10개, 7품목, 카드뮴은 69개, 19품목, 비소는 3개, 3품목, 수은은 13개, 10품목으로 이들의 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 93개의 한약재 중 72개의 원산지가 중국산임을 감안할 때, 한약재를 수입하고 유통하는 과정에서의 품질평가와 안전관리를 위한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 고농도 10 품목에 대한 탕제의 가용 섭취율 실험 결과, 이행률 평균값은 납의 경우 9.77%, 카드뮴은 6.72% 비소는 26.1%와 수은은 6.79%를 나타내었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the dietary intake and blood concentrations for examination of exposure levels and exposure characteristics of Cd and Pb via food among college students aged 20 years living in Busan area. Methods: Food duplicate per a day and venous blood samples were accepted from healthy man and women college students. The samples were analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Dietary intake of Cd and Pb in the participants were $17.5{\mu}g\;Cd/day$, $21.7{\mu}g\;Pb/day$. Blood concentrations were $2.01{\mu}g\;Cd/L$, $4.32{\mu}g\;Pb/dL$, respectively. Conclusions: Smoking and drinking habits might be high influential factors in 20 years college students. Dietary intake of Cd and Pb, however, from food group of seaweed, or fish and shellfish in 20 years college students were lower than that in any other age group.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

Objectives: The study was evaluated exposure variation and daily absorption level of cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air of monthly data from 1999 to 2017 for main exposure factor in outdoor workers. Methods: Based on the monthly data from 'The annual report of air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2018' in 'Air Korea' website in the Korean Ministry of Environment. The monthly data of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air were recalculated to average, minimum, and maximum. And these data were combined to Asian-dust exposure data from 'The annual report of Asian-dust·smog in 2017' of National Institute of Meteorological Sciences in Korea. Results: Geometric mean(minimum-maximum) concentration in ambient air of monthly data were 0.0017 (ND-0.2015) mg/㎥ in cadmium and 0.0467(ND-0.8554) mg/㎥ in Pb from 1999 to 2017. Both of Cd and Pb concentration in ambient air showed the highest concentration in January and the lowest in August among annual variation from 1999 to 2017. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 level showed the highest in March(PM₁₀) and February (PM_2.5) the lowest in August both of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Discussion: Based on exposure data and prior reports, daily Cd absorption was estimated to 0.013(ND-1.511) mg/day from respiration and 1.89 mg/day from daily food(25.2 mg/day of daily Cd intake). In case of Pb, daily absorption was estimated to 0.350(ND-6.416) mg/day from respiration and 1.38-1.71 mg/day from daily food intake. Conclusion: Cd and Pb with Asian-dust have high influential factor to increase the Cd and Pb exposure at Winter and Spring season in outdoor workers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary lead (Pb) supplementation and feeding period on growth performance, organ weight, and Pb accumulation in pigs. Methods: In a 56-day feeding experiment, a total of 48 barrows with initial body weight 10.4±0.6 kg were allotted to 2 dietary treatments (0 and 200 mg/kg of supplemental Pb) in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates. Body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. At the end of each 14 day-period (on days 14, 28, 42, and 56), an animal was randomly selected from each pen and slaughtered to collect blood samples, hair samples, left 5th rib, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and longissimus dorsi muscle samples. Results: Average daily gain and average daily feed intake were reduced (p<0.05) by supplemental Pb during the day 42 to 56. Relative kidney weight to body weight was linearly increased with increasing feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). The Pb concentrations in hair, left 5th rib, kidneys, and lungs were linearly increased with longer feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.01). Conclusion: Dietary Pb supplementation caused growth retardation and Pb accumulation in most organs, particularly in hair, bone, and kidneys in a time-dependent manner.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국 성인 여성의 체내 납 (Pb) 노출 수준과 심혈관질환 (CVD) 사이의 관계를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 2017년 국민건강영양조사 (KNHANES)에 참여한 만 19세 이상 성인 1,821명을 대상으로 혈중 납과 허혈성 심장 질환 (IHD), 뇌졸중 및 고혈압의 자가 보고한 의사 진단에 대한 단면 자료를 이용하였다. CVD 및 혈중 납 농도는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 분석하였고, pearson 상관계수를 이용하여 요인 간의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 혈중 납 수치 증가는 여성에서만 허혈성 심장 질환 (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.01-17.51) 및 고혈압 (OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.24-5.07) 위험 증가와 연관이 있었다. 또한, 혈중 납과 영양소 섭취 사이에는 상관관계가 있었다. 이는 혈중 납 수치가 CVD 발병의 주요 예측 인자로 사용될 수 있으며 여성이 납 노출과 관련된 IHD 및 고혈압에 더 취약하다는 것을 시사한다.