• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the relevant risk factors for lumbar spondylosis (LS) among middle-aged and elderly rural Korean residents and to explore the association between radiographic LS and lower back pain (LBP) in relation to age and gender. Methods : This community-based, cross-sectional study evaluated 1512 subjects with available radiograph. The prevalence of LBP was obtained using a questionnaire and disability resulting from LBP was measured using a validated Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (ODI). In lumbar spine radiographs, vertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were evaluated for the presence of osteophytes and joint-space narrowing (JSN), and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading was applied. Results : Of 4261 subjects aged 40-79 years, data from 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of radiographic LS indicated by grade ${\geq}2$ osteophytes and JSN were 53.9 and 15.8%, respectively. Seventy-three percent of subjects had KL grade ${\geq}2$ spondylosis and LBP was present in 36.5% of subjects. Although LS was more common among males, the prevalence of LBP was higher among females. Age, male gender and history of hand or knee arthritis were risk factors for LS. LS was significantly associated with LBP mostly among females over 60 years old and correlated with the ODI after adjusting for age and gender. Conclusion : Our study among rural Korean residents revealed a high prevalence of LS and LBP. The association between LS and LBP was observed mostly among females and LS was significantly correlated with the severity of back pain.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.289-297
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• 1997

Work-related low back pain(below LBP) is one of the major cause of morbidity, disability, limitation of activity and economic loss. Therefore the work-related LBP is one of the major issue in the field of industrial safety and health. This study was performed for detecting the risk factors and proposing the effective control programs of work-related LBP. The subjects were male workers employed at the welding and metal factory. The data was collected by self-reported questionnaire, interview and checking abdomen muscular and grasping power for two days on October, 1993. The contents of questionnaire were as follow: the experience of LBP, general characteristics, physical characteristics, employment status, type of work and working environment. The number of cases was 104 with a history of work-related LBP, so the prevalence of work-related LBP was 35.0%, and the number of controls was 140 without any history of LBP. As a result, marital status, educational level, abdomen muscular power, tenure, category of job, satisfaction of job, working posture, satisfaction for table and chair and lifting materials showed a statistical significance between the case and control groups. 284 Lifting jobs were quantified by NIOSH lifting equation method and ergonomic computer modelling methods. There were no significant differences in the action limit and disc compression force between group with LBP and without LBP. But in the lifting frequency and cumulative disc compression force there were significant differences. Therefore work-related LBP should be prevented by the ergonomic and environmental control.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2010

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) are important components of the mammalian innate defence system against Gram-negative infections. The BPI/LBP cDNA was identified from the black rockfish ConA/PMA or LPS stimulated leukocyte cDNA library. The full-length BR-BPI/LBP cDNA was 2118 bp long and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1422 bp that encoded 473 amino-acid residues. The 5' UTR had a length of 57 bp, and the 3' UTR 639 bp. The molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) values were calculated 51.4 kDa and 9.72, respectively. Compared with other known BPI or BPI/LBP peptide sequences, the most conserved regions of the black rockfish BPI/LBP peptide were found to be the BPI1 N-terminal, BPI2 C-terminal domains and a LPS binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence revealed a homologous relationship between the BPI/LBP sequence of black rockfish and that of other teleosts. The black rockfish BPI/LBP gene was predominantly expressed in the PBLs, head kidney, trunk kidney and spleen. The expression of the black rockfish BPI/LBP molecule was induced in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 1 to 24 h following LPS stimulation, with a peak at 12 h post-stimulation.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2009

Purpose: The study was to explore the level of low back pain and characteristic factors influencing low back pain (LBP) and mental health during pregnancy. Methods: The subjects were a total of 383 healthy pregnant women in S City and K-Do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. Results: 82.5% of the pregnant women answered the existence of LBP and 19.7% of them had high LBP. The preferred method of controlling LBP was 'Just endure'(42.3%). There were significant differences in pregnancy level (p<.05) and discomfort condition related to pregnancy (p<.01) according to low back pain. There were significant differences in pain intensity according to mental health. The correlation between pain level and pregnancy weeks (p<.001) and BMI in previous pregnancy (p<.001) was significant. The correlation between mental health and age was significant (p<.001). Conclusion: The majority of the pregnant women experienced LBP during pregnancy. However, they were not offered the best method of controlling the pain. Thus, for preventing LBP during pregnancy, we recommend regular exercises and BMI control.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 1991

농촌지역 성인의 요통 유병율과 요통 치료형태를 조사하기 위하여 1991년 4월 1일부터 20일 까지 경상북도 안동군 서후면에 거주하고 있는 만 20세에서 59세 사이 남${\cdot}$여 주민 총 2,024명을 대상으로 가정방문하여 면담이 완료된 1,106명을 대상으로 분석하였다. 면담된 1,l06명 중 530명이 요통을 경험하여 기간 유병율이 $47.9\%$였는데 연령교정한 남자의 유병율은 $43.7\%$, 여자는 $52.3\%$로 남여간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.005). 요통환자들의 요통 경과양상은 재발성이 남여 각각 $57.0\%,\;55.2\%$로 가장 높았고, 만성이 $28.9\%,\;35.8\%$, 급성미 $14.1\%,\;9.0\%$였다. 요통원인은 '원인은 잘 모르겠으나 나이가 들면서' $48.1\%$, '일을많이 해서' $15.1\%$, '외부의 물리적 충격'이 $11.3\%$ 등이었다. 요통환자 가운데 요통으로 일상생활을 제대로 못하거나 누워서 생활하는 사람이 $2.5\%$, 1시간 이상서 있거나 걸을 수 없는 사람이 $12.5\%$나 되었다. 요통환자의 $56.6\%$는 요통진단을 받기 위해 의료기관을 이용한 적이 없었고 $31.3\%$ 는 병${\cdot}$의원을 이용하였다. 아무 진단을 받지 않은 이유는 '별로 심하지 않고 견딜만 해서'가 $75.7\%$였다. 요통 치료양상은 첫번째 치료로 약물치료와 물리치료를 받은 경우가 남여 각각 $34.1\%,\;36.3\%$였고, 두 번째 치료로는 한약을 제일 많이 이용했고, 세번째 치료로는 침술을 제일 많이 이용했다. 요통환자들의 $15.5\%$가 민속요법을 사용한 경험이 있는데 그 내용을 '익모초를 삶아서 즙을 마셨다'. '닭 삶은, 국물에 소주를 섞어 마셨다'는 등 35가지로 다양하였다. 본 연구결과로 요통이 농촌주민들에게 중요한 보건문제임을 알 수 있었고, 요통이 발생하여도 병${\cdot}$의원을 이용한 사람은 3분의 1밖에 되지 않았고, 비과학적인 치료법을 많이 사용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 합리적인 요통치료법에 관한 보건교육 실시와 비과학적인 민속요법의 모용과 남용으로 인한 부작용과 의료비의 낭비를 막기 위한 홍보활동이 요구된다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2015

점진 학습은 비교적 높은 얼굴 추적 성능을 보이지만, 환경적인 변화로 인해 추적에 오차가 발생하면 그 이후의 추적에 오차가 전파되어 추적 성능이 감소한다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는, 다양한 변이 조건에서 강인하게 동작할 수 있는 선택적인 점진 학습 방법을 제안한다. 먼저, 개별 프레임에 대해 LBP(Local Binary Pattern) 특징을 추출하여 사용함으로써 조명 변이에 보다 강인하게 동작 할수 있고, Staggered Multi-Scale LBP를 사용하여 점진 학습에 사용할 패치(patch)를 선택하여 이전 프레임에서의 오차가 전파되는 것을 방지하였다. 실험을 통해, 제안한 방법이 조명 변이와 같은 환경적 변이가 존재하는 비디오 영상에 대해서도 기존의 추적 방법들보다 우수한 얼굴 추적 성능을 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2009

Objectives : To study autonomic nervous system dysfunction of Low Back Pain(LBP) patients, using spectral analysis of Heart Rate Variability(HRV). Methods : HRV of 190 patients was measured and seperated into two groups, those with LBP(n=95) and healthy controls(n=95). HRV was measured by SA-6000(Medicore, Korea) for 5 minutes after 5 minutes' resting. Results : 1. Mean heart rate(MHRT) of the experimental group was slightly higher than that of the control group, but did not show significant difference(P=0.428). The square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to-normal intervals(RMSSD), logarithmic very low frequency power(Ln VLF) and low frequency power/high frequency power ratio(LH/HF ratio) were not significantly low between experimental group and control group(P=0.16, 0.130, 0.537). 2. The standard deviation of all the normal-to-normal intervals(SDNN), logarithmic total power(Ln TP), logarithmic low frequency power(Ln LF) and logarithmic high frequency power(Ln HF) were significantly low between experimental group and control group(P=0.03, 0.005, 0.001, 0.007). 3. Ln LF of acute group was significantly low compared with those of chronic group(P= 0.039). Conclusions : This study suggests the activity and imbalance of autonomic nervous system in LBP is low. Also sympathetic nervous system of acute LBP is lower than that of chronic LBP. Further study of HRV related to LBP is needed in the clinical medicine.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.483-488
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 질감분류를 위해 블록영상 내에서 인접 화소사이의 다차원 명암차이를 이용한 local binary pattern(LBP) 기법을 제안한다. 여기서 블록영상 내 화소 간 명암차는 4방향(세로, 가로, 대각, 역대각) 각각의 인접 화소 간 밝기변화를 고려한 것으로 영상의 질감분류에 이용되는 히스토그램의 레벨수를 감소시켜 계산 부하를 줄이기 위함이다. 또한 블록 내 명암관계를 이진패턴으로 나타낸 것으로 영상의 국부적 속성을 더욱 더 정확하게 반영하여 효과적인 질감분류를 가능하게 함이다. 제안된 기법을 128*128 픽셀의 그레이 영상 USC Texture Mosaic #2을 대상으로 크기와 질감이 다른 24개의 블록영상 각각을 분류하는 실험결과, 기존의 LBP에 비해 빠른 분류속도를 가지며, 임의 크기 블록영상의 분류도 가능함을 확인하였다. 특히 블록영상의 크기가 증가할수록 히스토그램의 레벨 감소폭이 더욱 더 크게 되어 분류속도의 개선정도도 증가함을 알 수 있다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.385-397
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was to investigate the experience and a Point prevalence rate and factors related with Low Back Pain (LBP) in instructors of drive institute. Methods: Questionnaires were completed by 174 instructors who worked at 13 drive institutes in 4 small cities from June 2002. The information was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95$\%$ confidence intervals (CI) for factors relation to LBP. A retrospective study design was used. Results: The experience rate for LBP was 57.2$\%$, 43.4$\%$ in one year interval prevalence, 42.2$\%$ in 6 months interval prevalence, and 35.8$\%$ in a point prevalence rate. Factor significantly associated with LBP experience by logistic regression was labour hour (p=0.0034), subjects who worked for long hours a day were higher than those who did not (OR=3.8, 95$\%$ CI 1.4-5.6). Conclusions: In conclusion, labour hour was significantly associated with LBP experience.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1382-1396
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• 2017

In this paper, we analyze a recently proposed semi-fragile watermarking scheme based on local binary pattern (LBP) operators, and note that it has a fundamental flaw in the design. In this work, a binary watermark is embedded into image blocks by modifying the neighborhood pixels according to the LBP pattern. However, different image blocks might have the same LBP pattern, which can lead to false detection in watermark extraction process. In other words, one can modify the host image intentionally without affecting its watermark message. In addition, there is no encryption process before watermark embedding, which brings another potential security problem. To illustrate its weakness, two special copy-paste attacks are proposed in this paper, and several experiments are conducted to prove the effectiveness of these attacks. To solve these problems, an improved semi-fragile watermarking based on LBP operators is presented. In watermark embedding process, the central pixel value of each block is taken into account and Arnold transform is adopted to guarantee the security of watermark. Experimental results show that the improved watermarking scheme can overcome the above defects and locate the tampered region effectively.