• Title/Summary/Keyword: layers

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Prediction of Static and Dynamic Behavior of Truss Structures Using Deep Learning (딥러닝을 이용한 트러스 구조물의 정적 및 동적 거동 예측)

  • Sim, Eun-A;Lee, Seunghye;Lee, Jaehong
    • Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.69-80
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    • 2018
  • In this study, an algorithm applying deep learning to the truss structures was proposed. Deep learning is a method of raising the accuracy of machine learning by creating a neural networks in a computer. Neural networks consist of input layers, hidden layers and output layers. Numerous studies have focused on the introduction of neural networks and performed under limited examples and conditions, but this study focused on two- and three-dimensional truss structures to prove the effectiveness of algorithms. and the training phase was divided into training model based on the dataset size and epochs. At these case, a specific data value was selected and the error rate was shown by comparing the actual data value with the predicted value, and the error rate decreases as the data set and the number of hidden layers increases. In consequence, it showed that it is possible to predict the result quickly and accurately without using a numerical analysis program when applying the deep learning technique to the field of structural analysis.

Solving the contact problem of functionally graded layers resting on a HP and pressed with a uniformly distributed load by analytical and numerical methods

  • Yaylaci, Murat;Sabano, Bahar Sengul;Ozdemir, Mehmet Emin;Birinci, Ahmet
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.82 no.3
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    • pp.401-416
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    • 2022
  • The aim of this study is to examine the frictionless double receding contact problem for two functionally graded (FG) layers pressed with a uniformly distributed load and resting on a homogeneous half plane (HP) using analytical and numerical methods. The FG layers are made of a non-homogeneous material with an isotropic stress-strain law with exponentially varying properties. It is assumed that the contact at the FG layers and FG layer-HP interface is frictionless. The body force of the FG layers and homogeneous HP are ignored in the study. Firstly, an analytical solution for the contact problem has been realized using the theory of elasticity and the Fourier integral transform techniques. Then, the problem modeled and two-dimensional analysis was carried out by using the ANSYS package program based on FEM. Numerical results for contact lengths and contact pressures between FG layers and FG layer-HP were provided for various dimensionless quantities including material inhomogeneity, distributed load width, the shear module ratio, and the heights of the FG layers for both methods. The results obtained using FEM were compared with the results found using the analytical formulation. It was found that the results obtained from analytical formulation were in perfect agreement with the FEM study.

Formation and Development of Abscission Layer between Pedicel and Rachilla, and Changes in Grain Shedding during Ripening in African Rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud (아프리카 벼 Oryza glaberrima의 종실 이층조직의 발달과정과 등숙기간 중 탈립성의 변화)

  • Il Doo, Jin;Yeong Hwan, Bae;Jun, Inouye
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.103-112
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    • 1995
  • Six African rice varieties, two each from three types having the characteristics of partially, irregularly, and completely developed abscission layers, were selected and grown 1) to investi-gate the histological differences during the formation and development of the abscission layers and 2) to evaluate the changes in the breaking tensile strength required to detach a grain from its pedicel dur-ing ripening period in relation with developmental stage of the abscission layers. In African rice, the panicle and spikelet grew rapidly from 15 days before heading and almost completely grown in length at five days before heading. The abscission regions were recognized at 15 days before heading. However, any apparently developed abscission layers were not recognized in the lemma side for partially developed abscission layers. A group of parenchymatous cells could be observed sporadically in the abscission layers of the lemma side for irregularly developed ab-scission layers. At ten days before heading, abscission layers consisting of one or two layers of parenchymatous cells were clearly distinguished from neighboring cells due to thickened and lignified cell walls. There were a number of individual parenchymatous cells scattered sporadically in the lemma side of partially developed abscission layers, and a number of grouped parenchymatous cells scattered randomly in the lemma side of irregularly developed abscission layers. At two weeks after heading, the grains became almost fully filled. The cracking of abscission layers between rachilla and pedicel was observed, and the breaking tensile strength required to detach a grain from its pedicel was as low as that at harvest time.

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Study of Lime Finishing Layer(intonaco) in Koguryo Tomb Murals (고구려 고분벽화의 석회마감층에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Hwa-Soo;Han, Kyeong-Soon
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.19
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    • pp.43-56
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    • 2006
  • We checked the conditions and material properties after producing the lime finishing layers with a mortar mix of processed lime. In addition, we reproduced the lime finishing layers of the Koguryo Tomb Murals, colored the layers with a few different techniques and identified the characteristics for each painting technique. As a result of the experiment, we could infer the producing techniques as well as teaming the conditions and properties of the lime finishing layers of the Koguryo tomb murals, and examined the maintenance of the lime finishing layers. Of those samples produced under various conditions, the layers of slaked lime, which were obtained after being hydrated underground for a long time, showed quite a good condition. Thus the slaked lime mixes produced through particular hydration methods are judged to increase the maintenance of the lime finishing layers of the Koguryo Tomb Murals. Mostly, the paints of Koguryo Tomb Murals indicated that they have similar conditions with the samples produced with a secco method. In addition, Considering the compositional forms of the painting layers and the boundary layers which formed between the painting layers and the finishing layers, we can verify that, in some cases, the conditions of the painting layers of the Koguryo tomb murals are similar to those which were produced with a combination of fresco and secco.

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Applied Mineralogy for the Conservation of Dinosaur Tracks in the Goseong Interchange Area (35번 고속도로 고성 교차로 지역 공룡발자국의 보존을 위한 응용광물학적 연구)

  • Jeong Gi Young;Kim Soo Jin
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.189-199
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    • 2004
  • Cretaceous sedimentary rocks bearing dinosaur tracks in the Goseong interchange area were studied for their conservation and public display in the aspect of applied mineralogy. Black clay layers alternate with silt layers in the sedimentary rocks. The verical and horizontal fissures are commonly filled with calcite veinlets, supergenetic iron and manganese oxides. The rocks are composed of quartz, albite, K-feldspar, calcite, chlorite, illite, muscovite, and biotite, with minor apatite and rutile. Silt layers are relatively rich in calcite and albite, whereas clay layers are abundant in quartz, illite, and chlorite. Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ti, and P are enriched in the clay layers, while Ca, Na, and Mn in silt. Most of trace elements including V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cs, Zr, REE, Th, and U are enriched in clay layers. Inorganic carbon are present in silt layers as calcite, while organic carbon in black clay layers. The black clay layers were partly altered to yellow clay layers along the fissures, simultaneously with the decrease of organic carbon. Selective exfoliation of clay-rich black and yellow clay layers, calcite matrix of silt layers and calcite infillings of fissures are estimated as the major weakness potentially promoting chemical and physical degradation of the track-bearing rock specimens.

Design of Broad Band Piezoelectric Transducer Using Matching Layers (정합층을 이용한 광대역 압전 진동체 설계)

  • 조치영;서희선
    • Journal of KSNVE
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    • v.6 no.6
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    • pp.749-754
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    • 1996
  • In this paper, a design method of matching layers is presented for the sandwich type broad band underwater acoustic vibrators. The characteristic impedances of matching layers are determined to be matched to the characteristic impedance of head mass material. For the dynamic characteristic analysis of the sandwich type transducers, one dimensional FEM technique is also introduced. A test vibrator with the quarter wave matching layers has been designed to verify the proposed method. And the wide band characteristics of the input impedance and transmitting voltage response (TVR) are investigated.

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Mechanism of Photorefractive Effect in Polymer Layered Nematic Liquid Crystal Systems (고분자 층이 도입된 네마틱 액정 시스템의 광굴절 효과 기작)

  • Mun Jun-Ho;Yun Chun-Seop;Kim Hyeon-Uk;Choe Su-An;Kim Jong-Deuk
    • Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2001.02a
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    • pp.206-207
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    • 2001
  • The photorefractive (PR) effect in liquid crystals sandwiched between photoconductive polymer layers was first studied by Ono et al. They reported that the PR effect vanished at steady state If there were not insulating layers because no charge trapping occurred in the photoconductive poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) layers. However we observed a significant PR effect in the polymer layered liquid crystal (PLLC) system where a liquid crystal layer doped with fullerene is sandwiched between two photoconductive PVK layers. (omitted)

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Effect of Film Layers and Storing Period on the Fermentation Quality of Whole Crop Barley Silage (청보리 사일리지의 비닐겹수 및 저장기간에 따른 발효품질)

  • Song, Tae-Hwa;Park, Tae-Il;Park, Hyong-Ho;Yoon, Chang;Kim, Yang-Kil;Park, Jong-Chul;Kang, Chon-Sik;Son, Jae-Han;Kim, Kyong-Ho;Cheong, Young-Keun;Oh, Young-Jin
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.6-11
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    • 2015
  • This study was undertaken to characterize feed value and silage quality according to storage period and film layers for whole-crop barley silage. The crude protein (CP) content increased in all silage during the storage periods compared to those before silage, this content slightly increased over the prolonged storage period but it was not significant (p>0.05). Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents also increased in all silage during storage periods compared to those before silage (P<0.05), but they were maintained at similar levels during the storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased in all silage during the storage periods. However, it was maintained at a similar level for the duration of each storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. The pH value was decreased during the prolonged storage period and depending on the film layers, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. In the organic acid contents during the prolonged storage period, lactic acid increased, acetic acid was lower, and butyric acid was significantly higher (p<0.05). Depending on the film layers, 6 layers showed higher levels of lactic acid and lower levels of butyric acid (p<0.05). Therefore, these results showed that 6 layer wrapping was advantageous for long term storage of whole crop barley silage, while also indicating that it is desirable to use 4 layer wrapping within a six month period.

The Effects of the Content of Pastry Margarine and the Number of Layers on The Texture and Color of the Puff Pastry (Pastry 마가린 함량과 적층 수가 puff pastry의 텍스쳐 및 색도에 미치는 영향)

  • Han, Jang-Ho;Kim, Seok-Young;Lee, Si-Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.935-940
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    • 2002
  • Effects of changes in the margarine content and the number of layers of the puff pastry on the color, hardness, and hardness change during storage of the final products were investigated. At equal content of pastry margarine, the lightness of the crust decreased slightly as the number of layers increased. Redness of the puff pastry with 70% margarine content and 81 layers was $16.8{\pm}2.3$ and yellowness of puff pastry with 70% margarine content and 256 layers was 26. No significant differences were observed in the crumb change of the samples. The puff pastry with 90% margarine content and 144 layers showed the lowest hardness of $839.6{\pm}75.6g$. Hardness of the products storage period increased significantly as the number of layers increased at equal pastry margarine content, whereas with same number of layers, decreased gradually as pastry margarine content increased. Results of the sensory evaluation reveal that the puff pastry with 90% margarine content and 144 layers was better than other samples. These results show the important of selecting the optimum number of layers during the manufacturing process to obtain the optimum condition for the mouthfeeling, flavor and overall acceptability of final products.

Effects of Excess Dietary Supplementation of Several Micronutrients on Immune Response in Layers Inoculated with Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines (미량영양소들의 추가급여가 뉴캣슬 또는 전염성 기관지염 백신 접종시 산란계의 면역성에 미치는 효과)

  • 김정우;고승연;조석현;김춘수
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.85-95
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    • 1995
  • This study was conducted to investigate the immune response of layers fed diets supplemented with excess micronutrients, i.e., vitamin A, methionine, Zn, Cu, and Fe to the inoculation of Newcastle disease vaccine(NDV) or infectious bronchitis vaccine(IBV). The antibody titer against the NDV increased immediately after the inoculation and stayed high during the next 6 wk. On the other hand, The antibody titer against the IBV increased after 4 wk of inoculation The IgM level increased rapidly after 1 wk of NDV inoculation, however, it decreased after 5 wk of inoculation. The IgA displayed similar pattern to that of IgM in response to NDV inoculation. The pattern of IgM change after IBV inoculation was similar to that when layers were treated with NDV. However, IgA level changed earlier than did IgM. The IgG response to the NDV and IBV was very weak compared to the other immune responses. The excess supplementation of micronutrients to the diets of layers inoculated with NDV elicited favorable antibody titer and immune response compared to the layers fed the control diet. The excess Zn, however, allowed the layers to have higher antibody titer for the 4-wk period after NDV injection: after that they showed no effect of extra-Zn. The immune responses of layers fed excess vitamin A, Cu, methionine, and Fe were markedly higher in IgA and IgG than the control layers. The excess Zn, however, did not bring about any favorable result. No difference was detected in IgG level between control and micronutrients-treated groups.

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