• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2002

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.47-52
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• 1997

The experimental investigations considered in this paper are similar in many respects to those of Lee$^1$, with some key differences. First, there is no layering of the soils in a heterogeneous liner. The only soil investigated is the clay component of the cover liner. This ensures that the clay is exposed to freezing and that frost propagation in the clay can be investigated separate from other processes. Second, a closed system approach to the simulation was adopted. According to Jones$^2$, closed-system freezing occurs when there is no source of water available beyond that originally present in the soil voids. Freezing under such conditions results in very thin or non-existent ice lenses. One of tile objectives of the experiments described in this paper was the moisture migration and the changing of moisture contents of the compacted clay liner in landfill. The closed-system was used to limit tile variables in the experimental simulation to make these calculations more direct, although the final results could be applied to an open system also. As a result, the moisture content decreased about 45%-46% after two freeze/thaw cycles.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength by manufacturing the veneering porcelain on the IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$ zirconia core, using the layering technique and heat-pressing technique, and to evaluate the clinical stability by comparing to the conventional metal ceramic system. Methods: The Schmitz-Schulmeyer test method was used to evaluate the core-veneer shear bond strength of zirconia core ceramic(IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$) and their manufacture recommended two veneering ceramic systems(IPS e.max $ceram^{(R)}$, IPS e. max $ZirPress^{(R)}$). A metal ceramic system(Bellabond $plus^{(R)}$, VITA $VM13^{(R)}$) was used as a control group for the two all ceramic system test groups. The maximum loading and shear bond strength was measured. The average shear strength(MPa) was analyzed with the one-way ANOVA and the Tukey's test(${\alpha}$=.05). The fracture specimens were examined using Microscope to determine the failure pattern. Results: The mean shear bond strengths(SD) in MPa were MBSB control 43.62(2.13); ZBSB 18.65(1.76); ZPSB 18.89(1.54). The shear strengths of the zirconia cores were not significantly different(P>.05). Microscope examination showed that zirconia specimens presented mixed failure, and base metal alloy specimens showed adhesive failure. Conclusion: There was no siginificant different between the layering technique and the heat pressing technique in the veneering methods on the zirconia cores. None of the zirconia core and veneering ceramics could attain the high bond strength values of the metal ceramic combination.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze expression of pluralism in contemporary fashion. This study has three parts. They are to understand the concept of pluralism, to find the fashion environments of pluralism in terms of politics, economics, sociality, culture, science, and art, and to analyze expression of pluralism in contemporary fashion. The concept of pluralism in contemporary fashion is the diversity and compounds of fashion images. The environments of pluralism in contemporary fashion are multinational economic system, virtual world of internet. mass-culture and postmodern art. And expression of pluralism in contemporary fashion is analyzed into publicity. Publicity is expressed by using things of common lifestyle and the past that people used to and are well-known. Horizontality is expressed by coordination of male-female facts and property-poorness without high or low concept. Multi-nation is expressed by mixing various kind of national characteristics and Virtuality is expressed by layering and collaging complex facts that are not connected each other.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.809-818
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• 1991

We investigate the onsiderations of design issues for a bradband ATM network. Three kimds of network design requirement are considered ; user grade-of-service(GOS) requirements. Network manager requirements, and system designer requirements. In this work, e are focusing on the balancing problems among performance measures. We suggest that design parameters for a bradband ATM echange would be tuned within the acceptable sets by a layering concept on the peformance objectives.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the depressive mood experience of adults in their 20s. Methods: This study is a descriptive survey that conducted a secondary analysis using data from the 2017 Community Health Survey, which is conducted annually in Korea. The study targets 21,324 adults in their 20s. Data analysis was conducted after creating a composite sample plan file that reflected layering variables, colony variables, and weights. Results: Factors affecting the depressive mood experience were suicide thought experience, subjective stress level, gender, monthly household income, smoking status, subjective health level, breakfast status, participation in social activities, and whether the Internet, games, and smartphone interfered with daily life (p<0.05). Conclusion: It is necessary to establish and realize a system that enables early detection and support of depression and suicide high-risk groups at the individual, home, community, and national levels.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.89-92
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• 2002

인터넷의 급속한 확산과 통신 기술의 발전으로 이용자들은 더욱 많은 컨텐츠를 요구하고 있고 이에 멀티미디어 스트리밍 기술이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 기존에 연구되어진 MPEG-4 Layering 기술을 바탕으로 용량이 큰 멀티미디어 데이터를 환경의 스트림으로 전송하는 방법이 아닌 여러 개의 스트림으로 분할하여 가변적인 네트웍 환경에 맞추어 전송할 수 있도록 하였으며, 클라이언트 측에서 QoS Level을 측정하여 이후 수신되는 스트림에 적용될 수 있도록 구현하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.280-289
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ${\mu}TBS$ (microtensile bond strength) of current dentin bonding adhesives which have different hydrophobicity with low-shrinkage silorane resin. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six human third molars were used. Middle dentin was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to nine experimental groups: Silorane self-etch adhesives (SS), SS + phosphoric acid etching (SS + pa), Adper easy bond (AE), AE + Silorane system bonding (AE + SSb), Clearfil SE bond (CSE), CSE + SSb, All-Bond 2 (AB2), AB2 + SSb, All-Bond 3 (AB3). After adhesive's were applied, the clinical crowns were restored with Filtek LS (3M ESPE). The 0.8 mm ${\times}$ 0.8 mm sticks were submitted to a tensile load using a Micro Tensile Tester (Bisco Inc.). Water sorption was measured to estimate hydrophobicity adhesives. Results: ${\mu}TBS$ of silorane resin to 5 adhesives: SS, 23.2 MPa; CSE, 19.4 MPa; AB3, 30.3 MPa; AB2 and AE, no bond. Additional layering of SSb: CSE + SSb, 26.2 MPa; AB2 + SSb, 33.9 MPa; AE + SSb, no bond. High value of ${\mu}TBS$ was related to cohesive failure. SS showed the lowest water sorption. AE showed the highest solubility. Conclusions: The hydrophobicity of adhesive increased, and silorane resin bond-strength was also increased. Additional hydrophobic adhesive layer did not increase the bond-strength to silorane resin except AB2 + SSb. All-Bond 3 showed similar ${\mu}TBS$ & water sorption with SS. By these facts, we could reach a conclusion that All-Bond 3 is a competitive adhesive which can replace the Silorane adhesive system.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-52
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• 2016

Yeohlee Teng's 'Urban Nomad' concept stresses high mobility and flexibility in 'Clothing-as-shelter' in order to satisfy the needs of urban dwellers. Yeohlee interprets clothing as a portable environment that protects and shelters urban nomads as well as creates space of clothing as intimate architecture. This study examines Nomadism in Yeohlee's designs since 1981 when she received the attention from the fashion critics, by conducting literary survey as well as case analysis. Nomadism in Yeohlee's work showed the following characterizes. First, 'modular system' deals with the organized dressing system that enables interchanging and layering of separates that function in the fifth season; second, 'organic geometry' describes the architectonic approach to clothing as wearable structure that transforms two dimensional geometry into three dimensional form; third, 'functionalism' refers to the use of technological novel materials, ergonomic clothing construction, and the strategy of using structure as decoration; and fourth, 'reductionism' is the economical approach for realizing Nomadism, which is composed of one-size-fits-all as well as unisex size system and 'zero waste' strategy to maximize use of a piece of cloth.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1 s.24
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• pp.135-143
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• 2006

This paper describes a requirement architecture modeling for the front end of KT-1 export version requirement definition processes to construct SDS(system development specification). The requirement definition process is a highly conceptual process that is difficult to carry out. This paper focuses on how to perform the KT-1 export version requirements definition process including the integration of process, methods and tools for the front-end activity of requirements definition process. This requirement model is structured in four segments, including requirement layering, requirement categorization, life cycle stakeholder and requirement definition process using Computer-Aided Systems Engineering tool(CORE).