• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.647-657
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• 1999

Due to the inherently poor adhesion strength of Cu-based leadframe/EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound) interface, popcorn cracking of thin plastic packages frequently occurs during the solder reflow process. In the present work, in order to enhance the adhesion strength of Cu-based leadframe/EMC interface, black-oxide layer was formed on the leadframe surface by chemical oxidation of leadframe, and then oxidized leadframe sheets were molded with EMC and machined to form SDCB (Sandwiched Double-Cantilever Beam) and SBN (Sandwiched Brazil-Nut) specimens. SDCB and SBN specimens were designed to measure the adhesion strength between leadframe and EMC in terms of critical energy-release rate under quasi-Mode I ($G_{IC}$ ) and mixed Mode loading ($G_{C}$ /) conditions, respectively. Results showed that black-oxide treatment of Cu-based leadframe initially introduced pebble-like X$C_2$O crystals with smooth facets on its surface, and after the full growth of $Cu_2$O layer, acicular CuO crystals were formed atop of the $Cu_2$O layer. According to the result of SDCB test, $Cu_2$O crystals on the leadframe surface did not increase ($G_{IC}$), however, acicular CuO crystals on the $Cu_2$O layer enhanced $G_{IC}$ considerably. The main reason for the adhesion improvement seems to be associated with the adhesion of CuO to EMC by mechanical interlocking mechanism. On the other hand, as the Mode II component increased, $G_{C}$ was increased, and when the phase angle was -34$^{\circ}$, crack Kinking into EMC was occured.d.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.380-387
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• 2011

Wire brushing, which is a typical surface preparation method for roll bonding, has recently been highlighted as a potentially effective method for surface nanocrystallization. In the present study, the microstructure evolution and hardness of the wire-brushed surface and roll-bonded interface of a 1050 aluminum sheet were investigated. Wire brushing formed protruded layers with a nanocrystalline structure and extremely high surface hardness. After roll bonding, the protruded layers remained as hard layers at the interface. Due to their hardness and brittleness the interface hard layers, can affect the interface bonding properties and also play an important role determining the mechanical properties of multi-layered clad sheets.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.106.1-106.1
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• 2011

The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells have been achieved until almost 20% efficiency by NREL. These solar cells include chemically deposited CdS as buffer layer between CIGS absorber layer and ZnO window layer. Although CIGS solar cells with CdS buffer layer show excellent performance, the short wavelength response of CIGS solar cell is limited by narrow CdS band gap of about 2.42 eV. Taking into consideration the environmental aspect, the toxic Cd element should be replaced by a different material. Among Cd-free candidate materials, the CIGS thin film solar cells with ZnS buffer layer seem to be promising with 17.2%(module by showa shell K.K.), 18.6%(small area by NREL). However, ZnS/CIGS solar cells still show lower performance than CdS/CIGS solar cells. There are several reported reasons to reduce the efficiency of ZnS/CIGS solar cells. Nakada reported ZnS thin film had many defects such as stacking faults, pin-holes, so that crytallinity of ZnS thin film is poor, compared to CdS thin film. Additionally, it was known that the hetero-interface between ZnS and CIGS layer made unfavorable band alignment. The unfavorable band alignment hinders electron transport at the heteo-interface. In this study, we focused on growing defect-free ZnS thin film and for favorable band alignment of ZnS/CIGS, bandgap of ZnS and CIGS, valece band structure of ZnS/CIGS were modified. Finally, we verified the photovoltaic properties of ZnS/CIGS solar cells.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1999

본 이층 유체 실험의 목적은 하층유체가 외부유체의 유입 유출로 움직일 때 그에 따른 상층유체의 경압적인 응답을 연구하는 것이다. 최근에 관측된 용해 심층해류의 순압성 특성(Takematsu et al., 1994; 한국해양연구소, 1997)을 고려할 때 상층은 이러한 동해 심층수의 움직임을 경계면의 변형을 통해 느낄 수 있을 것이다. 본 실험은 이러한 경계면의 변형에 영향을 주는 요인들을 연구함으로써 전체적인 동해의 해수순환 혹은 국지적인 해수순환을 파악하고자 하였다. 정상적(steady)인 축대칭의 유입 혹은 유출실험은 균질 유체의 경우, 축대칭의 지형류를 야기시키며 이층유체의 하층유체 흐름도 유사한 특성을 가졌다. 그러나 로스비 수(${\varepsilon}$) 혹은 내부 프라우드 수($f_2$)가 증가하면서 하층유체의 운동은 경계면 변형에 영향을 받았다. 상층유체의 최대속도는 ${\varepsilon}f_2$에 매우 의존적이며, 그 흐름은 거의 포물선 형태를 보였다. 관찰된 상 하층유체의 속도로부터 계산된 경계면의 기울기는 ${\varepsilon}f_2$에 따라 커졌다. 즉 ${\varepsilon}f_2$의 증가는 이층유체가 순압적인 구조에서 경압적인 구조로 바뀌게 하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.193-193
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• 2012

In thin film silicon solar cells, p-i-n structure is adopted instead of p/n junction structure as in wafer-based Si solar cells. PECVD is the most widely used thin film deposition process for a-Si:H or ${\mu}c$-Si:H solar cells. Single-chamber PECVD system for a-Si:H solar cell manufacturing has the advantage of lower initial investment and maintenance cost for the equipment. However, in single-chamber PECVD system, doped and intrinsic layers are deposited in one plasma chamber, which inevitably impedes sharp dopant profiles at the interfaces due to the contamination from previous deposition process. The cross-contamination between layers is a serious drawback of single-chamber PECVD system. In this study, a new plasma process to solve the cross-contamination problem in a single-chamber PECVD system was suggested. In order to remove the deposited B inside of the plasma chamber during p-layer deposition, a high RF power was applied right after p-layer deposition with SiH4 gas off, which is then followed by i-layer, n-layer, and Ag top-electrode deposition without vacuum break. In addition to the p-i interface control, various interface control techniques such as FTO-glass pre-annealing in O2 environment to further reduce sheet resistance of FTO-glass, thin layer of TiO2 deposition to prevent H2 plasma reduction of FTO layer, and hydrogen plasma treatment prior to n-layer deposition, etc. were developed. The best initial solar cell efficiency using single-chamber PECVD system of 10.5% for test cell area of 0.2 $cm^2$ could be achieved by adopting various interface control methods.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2010

Google, NAVER와 같은 대형포털에서 지도 기반의 다양한 서비스를 제공함에 따라, 지역관련 정보를 얻으려는 사용자들의 관심과 요구 또한 증가하고 있다. 하지만, 대형포털의 서비스들은 특정 지역에 대한 상세정보가 충분하지 않고 관련 정보를 획득하는 과정이 반복되는 번거로움이 존재하기 때문에, 사용자가 특정 지역의 관련 정보를 자세하고 종합적이며 손쉽게 획득할 수 있도록 지원하는 시스템이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 사용자의 지역정보 획득에 유용한 시스템의 구축을 위해, 맵 인터페이스와 지식처리를 활용한 시스템 모델을 제안한다. 제안한 모델은 '지역정보 웹 문서 Layer', '고유지역키워드 Layer', '맵 인터페이스 Layer'의 3-Layer로 구성된다. 이 모델을 기반으로 한 지역관련정보 통합검색 시스템은 (l) 특정 지역의 대표 키워드 추출 (2) 관련 웹 페이지 수집 (3) 연관 키워드 집합 추출 및 키워드간의 연관도 계산 (4) 사용자 인터페이스 구축의 4단계 과정을 거쳐 구현한다. 구체적으로 고양시 지역을 대상으로 한 시스템의 구축을 통해 제안한 모델과 유사도 행렬을 이용한 지역정보의 지식처리 알고리즘, 사용자의 검색 편의를 돕는 UI 등의 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 시스템은 단순히 개별 '정보'로 존재하는 지역정보들을 융합하고, 새로운 '지식'을 생산 및 체계화하여 사용자들에게 제공해준다. 이를 통해 사용자는 다양하고 상세한 지역정보를 제공받을 수 있고 관련 정보도 쉽게 얻을 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.315-330
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• 2004

A four-point bending RC beam strengthened with FRP plate is investigated based on the theory of elasticity. Taking the adhesive layer into account but ignoring some secondary parameters, the analytical solutions of the normal stress and shear stress on concrete-adhesive interface are obtained and discussed. Besides, the pure bending region of the beam is analyzed and the ultimate load of the beam is predicted. The results obtained in the present paper agree very well with both the results of FEM and the experimental findings.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

Understanding the interactions between fibroin and sericin is crucial in solving the mechanism of silk spinning. In this study, various commercially available dyes were used to monitor the interface between fibroin and sericin during the gelation of fibroin. The phase separation between fibroin and sericin could be observed by the addition of azo dyes over a certain molecular weight. Furthermore, the addition of the dyes to the sericin layer showed vivid phase separation over addition to the fibroin layer.

• 물과 미래
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.56-60
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• 1975

Traditional descriptions of water movement in soils and of calculations of infiltration rates neglect the air movement and its compressibility. The movement of two fluids in the bounded layered porous medium is treated analytically and computer simulations are conducted for given boundary conditions and initial saturation profiles. The movement of a given saturation across the interface between the different soil layers is theoretically developed by considering the conservation of mass. It is shown that the existence of the interface affects the infiltration rate when the average total velocity is greater than zero. The transition from one layer to another layer cause a change in the capillary drive and consequently influences the infiltration rate.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 컴퓨터소사이어티 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.251-254
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• 2003

DMB is a next-generation multimedia broadcasting system that not only enables digital broadcasting services such as transmission of CD-duality audio, traffic information, and real-time stock information, but also allows reception of high-quality digital TV in high-speed driving conditions. In the DMB system, MPEG-2 TS(Transport Stream) multiplex method and MPEG-4 System SL(Sync Layer) have been selected as the delivery layer. In this paper, an efficient interface scheme between an MPEG-2 TS processing hardware and software-implemented MPEG-4 system within a DMB terminal device is proposed.