• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1999

Lichen had been used as dyestuffs before the discovery of synthetic dyes in Europe and by American Indians. To investigate the dyeability of Korean native lichens, 10 kinds of lichen were collected and colorants were extracted from them by boiling in water and fermenting in ammonia water. Silk fabrics were dyed with lichen extract, then the colour differences of dyed silk fabrics were measured before and after color fastness test. The most part of the lichen extracts(Fc, Hh, Me, Pl, Xm, Pr, Cj, Ld, Ry) dyed silk yellowish or reddish brown. The range of colors were 2.4Y 6.5∼10YR 6/7. Pa extract dyed silk purple(1.25RP 5/6). Color differences of laundered specimen with the silk before laundering were very small, but color of the dyed silks after exposing to light showed big differences with the specimen before exposing to light. The colors of the silks dyed with lichens changed from yellowish or reddish brown to greenish brown by laundering and by exposing to light. But the specimen dyed Pa extract changed from purple to blueish purple by laundering and reddish purple by exposing to light.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2000

The natural dyestuff, grape skin dye was manufactured from grape skin by boiling in 0.1% HCI solution, eliminating the sugar and powdering in freeze dryer. Cotton, wool, silk and nylon fabrics were dyed under several conditions using the manufactured grape skin dye to investigate the dyeability and color fastness. Dyeing was operated in acidic dyebath of pH 4 because the grape skin is anionic. The color of dyed fabrics were affected on temperature of dyeing solution. Under 80$\^{C}$, the color of dyed fabrics were red or violet, but changed to brown in laundering. Above 100$\^{C}$, the color were brown and safe in laundering. Dyeabilities on wool, silk, and nylon fabrics were good, especially silk fabrics were dyed deeper than others. Dyeability was developed with concenturation of dyeing solution. All the dyed fabrics were excellent in color fastness to crocking and laundering. Light fastness was low to moderate. The light fastness of dyed nylon fabrics were as poor as grade 1, but they could be improved to grade 3∼4 by aftertreatment with gallic acid.

• 감성과학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2018

본 연구는 소비자의 선호 촉감을 고려한 세면용 타월 개발에 도움을 주고자 수행되었다. 타월의 바탕조직은 동일하지만(면섬유), 파일을 구성하는 섬유의 종류가 서로 다른 3종(면 100%, 면 50% / 대나무 50%, 대나무 100%)을 시료로 선정하였다. 타월을 표준 세탁조건으로 반복세탁을 실시하였으며, 10회 세탁한 타월에 대하여 섬유유연제를 처리하여, 세탁에 따른 유연성과 흡수성(흡수속도와 흡수율) 등의 성능 변화를 고찰하고 대학생 남녀 소비자를 대상으로 주관적 감각과 촉감 선호도를 평가시켰다. 세탁횟수와 파일섬유의 종류에 따라 타월의 유연성은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 타월의 흡수성은 세탁에 따른 파일섬유의 종류에 따라 유의한 차이를 보여, 흡수속도는 대나무섬유 100%로 된 타월에서 높았으나, 흡수율은 면섬유로 된 타월이 높았다. 세탁 전 타월의 파일섬유 종류에 따른 주관적 감각 평가는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 세탁이 반복될수록 파일섬유의 종류에 따른 주관적 감각은 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 섬유유연제 처리시 더 부드럽고 매끄러우며 촉촉해진다고 평가하였다. 세탁 전 타월에 대한 촉감 선호도는 선호하는 편이었으나, 파일섬유종류에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 세탁횟수가 증가함에 따라 타월에 대한 촉감 선호도는 다소 저하되었으며, 대나무섬유로 된 타월의 촉감을 가장 선호하였다. 타월의 촉감 선호도에는 평활감, 유연감 등의 주관적 감각과 섬유유연제 처리가 영향을 주었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1231-1239
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumer's behaviors on the laundering of baby's clothing according to washing machine types. The subjects were 255 consumers with babies(0-2 years) in Korea. The data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by Chi-square test and multiple response analysis, and SPSS 12.0 statistics package was used. Consumers were separated into two groups according to washing machine types with general pulsator type and drum-type. Consumer's behaviors between general pulsator type group and drum-type group of washing machines were also examined. The results of this study were as follows. In the consumer satisfaction for washing machine, mostly drum-type group of consumers were satisfied with their washing machines. As the reasons of washing machine's dissatisfaction, noise, washing time and low washing efficiency were high in the pulsator type group, and washing time, noise and high price in the drum-type washing machine group. The consumers concerned about separation of clothing and laundering label while they washed laundry by washing machine. However, they didn't separate clothing because the small volume of laundry and a long washing time. The most interest and required thing of consumers was complete rinsing without any detergents used in washing as well as the removal of soils for baby's clothing regardless of two washing machine types. And they complained food soils like milk and mother's milk etc. were not completely removed by washing machine. As a whole the washing frequency of baby's laundry was once per a day and the rinsing also more than three times per a laundry. Most of the consumers used a private detergents for baby's clothing(detergents for baby's clothing only), and preferred to the high or boiled temperature washing as a desirable baby's laundering. There were significant differences between general pulsator type group and drum-type group of washing machines on the laundering of baby's clothing in this study.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.111-126
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• 1989

The aim of the present study is to research into the household work time change and its structure in urban home makers by the choosen eleven studies and KBS's Data 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987. This study were proceeded under some limitations, it is choosen eleven studies that is different region: large city, medium and small town, and the household work's categories of original auther were changed. And KBS's Data was composed of general formation without personal character of home maker: FLC, number of childeren, family type, education, region. Although this study have a certain meaning of implementation, research into the household work time change and its's structure. The major findings of this study can be autlined as follows: (1) Total household work time did'nt so much changed through the choosen eleven studies compared with the last twenty years ago. In the change of each province household work time, time connected with meals and dwelling did not showed consistancy of change. But cloth laundering and mending time of 80's were declined compared with 70's. Family care time of 80's was increased, home management and buying time was declined untill '85, but again increasing trend '87. In choosen eleven studies, the household work time structure of urban home makers can be outlined: time connected with Meals>Family care>Cloth laundering and mending>Dwelling>Home management and Buying. (2) KBS's time-series data were analized as follows: a) Total household work time of '87 was declining gradually in weekday (34 minutes), sat. (41 minutes), sun (1 house and 2 minutes) compared with '81. b) The change of each province household work time: the time of cooking and sewing home management were declining gradually in its Mean time and its ratio of acters. The acter ratio of household worker in '81, '83, '85 was composed Cooking > Cleaning > Laundering > Home management > Buying > Child care > Sewing. In '87 was composed Cooking > Cleaning > Laundering > Buying > Home management > Child care > Sewing. c) The structure of household work time revealed some differences in each year and a day of the week.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

Black garments can lose color, image, and be the main cause of color staining when washed with other laundry that can cause color contamination from interaction with other garments. To know the fiber-based dye fastness for colored garments, 4-5 pieces of various fibers of different fabrics were selected; cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, polyester, and nylon. To determine the colorfastness to washing and crocking, the black fabrics were washed with alkali and neutral detergents under the Laund-O-Meter method under the Crockmeter method. In an alkali detergent laundering conditions, most colored samples did not undergo color or light fastness. However, most of the stained fabrics slightly changed in K/S values while other samples underwent severe changes. With neutral detergent laundering, sample fabrics underwent less shrinking, and had less naps. The stained fabrics also underwent less change in K/S values. With time-repeatedly-washing the original sample went through colorfastness to lose color. In crocking fastness, most samples produced good to excellent results under dry conditions but produced relatively low crocking fastness under wet conditions. Natural fibers especially showed lower crocking fastness than artificial fibers. In conclusion, garments of the same color should be laundered together. The black garments that are washed using neutral detergents can decrease the amount of damage from color change. While it is the responsibility of garment producers to provide appropriate quality indications they should also provide adequate instructions for consumers to understand and appropriately cope with the quality indications in order to contribute to establishing a correct laundering method.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to research the effect of sewing threads on sewability. The materials used in this study were cotton threads, p/c spun thread, polyester spun thread and core-spun thread, which were the same in count, but different in fibers. In order to approach the purpose of this study, the change of sew-ability was measured according to the number of laundering. The results from this measure were as follows; 1. The order of seam strength according to the sewing threads was polyester spun threads, p/c spun thread, core-spun thread, and cotton thread in proportion to the loop strength of the sewing threads. The preserving rate of strength after laundering was the highest in core spun thread. 2. The order of seam elongation according to the sewing threads was polyester spun thread, p/c spun thread, core-spun thread and cotton thread in proportion to the elongation of the sewing threads. The preserving rate of elongation after laundering was the highest in core spun thread. 3. The order of seam puckering according to the sewing threads' was core-spun thread, p/c spun thread, polyester spun thread and cotton thread. The order of changing rate after laundering was the same as the former order. 4. The order of the needle temperature according to the sewing threads was polyester spun thread, core-spun thread, p/c spun thread and cotton thread.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1981

The influence of laundering conditions on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by repeated laundering the cotton fabric with soap in the hard water of 200 P.P.M. $CaCO_3$. The experimental variables were: 1) soap concentrations ($0.06\%$, $0.13\%$, $0.25\%$), 2) water contents in the fabric after hydroextraction. ($65\%$, $150\%$, $315\%$), 3) builders (Na-EDTA, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate), 4) washing cycle (5, 10, 15, 20 cycles). The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at $23\pm1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine (Model; Gold Star Wp-2005) under the similar conditions with those of home laundering, and rinsed 5 times for 5 minutes. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by the EDTA-Back titration method described by Wasserman and Basch. Results of this study were follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric increased with increasing wash cycles. 2) During the rinsing process, residual calcium content on the fabric increased with water content in the fabric after hydroextraction. 3) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric decreased with the increasing soap concentration above the equivalent amount of calcium ion content in the water. 4) Sequestering agents and alkaline builders influenced the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was in the order of sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate, nonbuilder, and EDTA.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.600-608
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• 2022

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 P2E 게임 내 NFT를 이용해 일어나고 있는 범죄유형을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 정부와 기업간의 범죄예방 및 법적제재 방안을 강구하기 위함이다. 연구방법: P2E게임 내 NFT를 이용한 내 범죄유형 분류를 위해 선행연구 조사결과와 현재 발생하고 있는 사건사례 등을 통하여 범죄유형을 분석하였다. 연구결과: P2E게임 내 NFT를 통해 내 일어나고 있는 범죄는 대부분 해킹, 자금세탁, 저작권의 문제이다. 우리나라에서는 게임자체가 규제되고 있지만 향후 게임규제가 풀어지면 일어날 수 있는 범죄들이다. 따라서 해킹, 자금세탁, 탈세, 저작권문제, 게임의 사행성 등으로 범죄유형을 분류하였고 외국에서는 이미 다양한 피해사례도 발생하고 있다. 결론: 현재 우리나라에서는 게임규제로 인한 범죄발생피해가 일어나고 있지 않지만, 외국사례에서 보듯 거액의 해킹 및 NFT를 이용한 자금세탁이 이루어지고 있어서 우리나라에서는 기본적 규제완화와 향후 발생할 수 있는 범죄에 있어서의 정책 및 법개정이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1985

There are two standards for evaluation of fabric aesthetics, the feeling of fabric and the fabric sense of sight. Its drapalility with lustre is one of factors to decide the fabric sense of sight. This study was carried out to investigate the drape property property of fabrics. The fabric characteristics and the physisical properties of fabrics were tested. And the effect of the laundering on the drape properties was examined. RESULTS : 1. The drape coefficients of sampled fabrics were increasd as the thickness of fabrics were increased, excluding the fabric consisting of 60% polyester$\times$40% wool. 2. The drape coefficient of sampled fabrics were decreased as the cover faders of fabrics were increased, excluding the summer clothes and the fabrics of 100% wool. 3. The drape coefficients of fabrics other than sumer clothes were increased as the weight of fabrics were in creased. 4. Positive correlation was observed between the stiffness and the drape coefficient. 5. Negative correlation was observed between the fabric shrinkage and the drape coefficient. 6. The drape coefficient was decreased to a certain limit by laundering.But as the laundering was repeated up to certain number, the drape coefficient and the node number, a significant correlation was observed between the drape coefficient and the node shape.