• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2020

This study is to investigate the effect of a retrofitted reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic details strengthened by embedded steel moment frames with an indirect joint, which mitigates the problems of the direct joint method. First, full-scale experiments were conducted to confirm the structural behavior of a 2-story reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic details and strengthened by a steel moment frame with an indirect joint. The reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic details showed a maximum strength of 185 kN at an overall drift ratio of 1.75%. The flexural-shear failure of columns was governed, and shear cracks were concentrated at the beam-column joints. The reinforced concrete frame strengthened by the embedded steel moment frames achieved a maximum strength of 701 kN at an overall drift ratio of 1.5% so that the maximum strength was about 3.8 times that of the specimen with non-seismic details. The failure pattern of the retrofitted specimen was the loss of bond strength between the concrete and the rebars of the columns caused by a prying action of the bottom indirect joint because of lateral force. Furthermore, methods are proposed for calculation of the specified strength of the reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic details and strengthened by the steel moment frame with the indirect joint.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2015

Open ground storey (OGS) buildings are characterized by the sudden reduction of stiffness in the ground storey with respect to the upper infilled storeys. During earthquakes, this vertical irregularity may result in accumulated damage in the ground storey members of OGS buildings without much damage in the upper storeys. Hence, the structural design of OGS buildings needs special attention. The present study suggests a modification of existing displacement-based design (DBD) procedure by proposing a new lateral load distribution. The increased demands of ground storey members of OGS buildings are estimated based on non-linear time history analysis results of four sets of bare and OGS frames having four to ten storey heights. The relationship between the increased demand and the relative stiffness of ground storey (with respect to upper storeys) is taken as the criterion for developing the expression for the design lateral load. It is also observed that under far-field earthquakes, there is a decrease in the ground storey drift of OGS frames as the height of the frame increases, whereas there is no such reduction when these frames are subjected to near-field earthquakes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권6호
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• pp.721-734
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• 2021

The seismic analysis of structures without applying the effects of soil can undermine functional objectives of structure so that it can affect all the desired purposes at the design and control stages of the structure. In this research, employing OpenSees and MATLAB software simultaneously and developing a definite three-dimensional finite element model of a high-rise concrete structure, designed using performance-based plastic design approach, the performance of Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) and Active Mass Damper (AMD) is both examined and compared. Moreover some less noted aspects such as nonlinear interaction of soil and structure, uplift, nonlinear behavior of structure and structural torsion have received more attention. For this purpose, the analysis of time history on the structural model has been performed under 22 far-field accelerogram records. Examining a full range of all structural seismic responses, including lateral displacement, acceleration, inter-story drift, lost plastic energy, number of plastic hinges, story shear force and uplift. The results indicate that TMD performs better than AMD except for lateral displacement and inter-story drift to control other structural responses. Because on the one hand, nonlinear structural parameters and soil-structure interaction have been added and on the other hand, the restriction on the control force applied that leads up to saturation phenomenon in the active control system affect the performance of AMD. Moreover, the control force applied by structural control system has created undesirable acceleration and shear force in the structure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.791-818
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• 2015

RC buildings constitute the prevailing type of construction in earthquake-prone region like Kathmandu Valley. Most of these building constructions were based on conventional methods. In this context, the present paper studied the seismic behaviour of existing RC buildings in Kathmandu Valley. For this, four representative building structures with different design and construction, namely a building: (a) representing the non-engineered construction (RC1 and RC2) and (b) engineered construction (RC3 and RC4) has been selected for analysis. The dynamic properties of the case study building models are analyzed and the corresponding interaction with seismic action is studied by means of non-linear analyses. The structural response measures such as capacity curve, inter-storey drift and the effect of geometric non-linearities are evaluated for the two orthogonal directions. The effect of plan and vertical irregularity on the performance of the structures was studied by comparing the results of two engineered buildings. This was achieved through non-linear dynamic analysis with a synthetic earthquake subjected to X, Y and $45^{\circ}$ loading directions. The nature of the capacity curve represents the strong impact of the P-delta effect, leading to a reduction of the global lateral stiffness and reducing the strength of the structure. The non-engineered structures experience inter-storey drift demands higher than the engineered building models. Moreover, these buildings have very low lateral resistant, lesser the stiffness and limited ductility. Finally, a seismic safety assessment is performed based on the proposed drift limits. Result indicates that most of the existing buildings in Nepal exhibit inadequate seismic performance.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.195-215
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• 2016

Rehabilitation of historical unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is a priority in many parts of the world, since those buildings are a living part of history and a testament of human achievement of the era of their construction. Many of these buildings are still operational; comprising brittle materials with no reinforcements, with spatially distributed mass and stiffness, they are not encompassed by current seismic assessment procedures that have been developed for other structural types. To facilitate the difficult task of selecting a proper rehabilitation strategy - often restricted by international treaties for non-invasiveness and reversibility of the intervention - and given the practical requirements for the buildings' intended reuse, this paper presents a practical procedure for assessment of seismic demands of URM buildings - mainly historical constructions that lack a well-defined diaphragm action. A key ingredient of the method is approximation of the spatial shape of lateral translation, ${\Phi}$, that the building assumes when subjected to a uniform field of lateral acceleration. Using ${\Phi}$ as a 3-D shape function, the dynamic response of the system is evaluated, using the concepts of SDOF approximation of continuous systems. This enables determination of the envelope of the developed deformations and the tendency for deformation and damage localization throughout the examined building for a given design earthquake scenario. Deformation demands are specified in terms of relative drift ratios referring to the in-plane and the out-of-plane seismic response of the building's structural elements. Drift ratio demands are compared with drift capacities associated with predefined performance limits. The accuracy of the introduced procedure is evaluated through (a) comparison of the response profiles with those obtained from detailed time-history dynamic analysis using a suite of ten strong ground motion records, five of which with near-field characteristics, and (b) evaluation of the performance assessment results with observations reported in reconnaissance reports of the field performance of two neoclassical torsionally-sensitive historical buildings, located in Thessaloniki, Greece, which survived a major earthquake in the past.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

국내 비내진 설계된 RC 골조 외부접합부의 횡저항 능력특성을 연구하기 위하여, 1988년 이후의 건물을 대상으로 실물 크기의 70%의 T형 보-기둥 실험체 4개를 제작하여 보에 횡력을 가력하여 실험을 수행하였다. 작용한 횡력은 총 9단계로 변위를 조절하여 최대 횡변위비 3.5%까지 가력하였고, 각 변위 단계마다 3싸이클의 반복하중을 가력하였다. 실제의 상황과 유사하게 하기 위하여 실험동안 기둥에 압축력을 지속적으로 작용하였다. 실험 결과, 부재가 휨 공칭강도에 도달하여야 하는 내력에 비하여 실험 결과는 85%이하로 나타났고 층간변위비 0.85% 미만에서 모든 실험체의 접합부에서 전단균열이 발생하여 국내 외부접합부가 취약함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 접합부 균열발생시 주응력-층간변위비는 Priestly의 제안식과 유사하게 나타났다.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.187-196
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• 1999

지진다발 지역에서는 철근콘크리트 기둥의 단면을 합리적으로 구속함과 동시에 횡보강 띠철근의 세심한 배근등이 요구된다. 이러한 요구조건을 만족시키기 위한 보편적인 횡보강근 사용의 문제점으로는 높은 체적비(high volumetric ratio), 조밀한 간격(close spacings), 겹침(overlapping of hoops), 구부림(bends), 구부림 연장 (bend extensions), 시공상의 어려움과 콘크리트 타설상의 문제 등이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 한 방법으로는 요구되는 횡보강근의 체적비, 배역, 크기 등에 따라 이를 기조립, 용접하여 사용하는 것이다. 용접된 횡보강근의 사용은 겹침과 구부림, 구부림의 연장 등이 필요하지 않기 때문에 조립이 간편하고, 축방향 철근의 지지에 적합한 치수의 정확성과 재료를 절감시킬 수 있다. 더우기, 단면 내 횡보강 철근의 간격이 조밀해짐으로써, 코아 콘크리트 주변의 구속력을 균등히 분배시키게 되고, 이에 따라 코아 콘크리트의 거동을 향상시키는 결과를 얻을 수가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 용접 띠철근으로 보강된 철근콘크리트 기둥의 역학적 거동을 실험적으로 규명함과 동시에 철근콘크리트 기둥의 내진성능 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 그 결과 횡보강근의 강도와 연성에 영향을 미치지 않도록 용접됨과 동시에 충분한 신률을 가진다면, 용접된 격자형 횡보강근은 기둥의 띠철근으로써 사용가능한 것으로 판단된다. 특히, 용접된 격자형 횡보강근이 유효하게 거동하기 위하여는 1) 용접된 접합부위의 강도가 보강근의 모재강도 이상 2) 신률이 4% 이상이어야 할 필요가 있다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.437-455
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• 2014

Some conventional lateral load patterns for pushover analysis, and proposing a new accurate pattern was investigated in present research. The new proposed load pattern has load distribution according weight and stiffness variation in height and mode shape of structure. The assessment of pushover application with mentioned pattern in X type braced steel frames and steel moment resisting frames, with stiffness and mass variation in height, was studied completely and the obtained results were compared with nonlinear dynamic analysis method (including time history analysis). The methods were compared from standpoints of some basic parameters such as displacement, drift and shape of lateral load pattern. It is concluded that proposed load pattern results are closer to nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) compared to other pushover load patterns especially in tall and medium-rise buildings having different stiffness and mass during the height.

• Architectural research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2001

The proposed building upgrading technique employs prestressing cables to function as bracing to improve the seismic performance during future events. A four-story reinforced concrete moment resisting frame damaged from an ultimate limit state earthquake is assessed and upgraded using the proposed technique. Both existing and upgraded buildings are evaluated in regard of seismic performance parameters performing static lateral load to collapse analysis and dynamic nonlinear time history analysis as well. To obtain realistic comparison of seismic performance between existing and upgraded frames, each frame is subjected to its critical ground motion that has strength demand exceeding the building strength supply. Furthermore, reliability of static lateral load to collapse analysis as a substitute to time history analysis is evaluated. The results reveal that the proposed upgrading technique improves the stiffness distribution compared to the ideal distribution that gives equal inter-story drift. As a result, the upgraded building retains more stories that contribute to energy dissipation. The overall behavior of upgraded building beyond yield is also enhanced due to the gradual change of building stiffness as the lateral load increases.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2011

High voltage (HV) integrated circuits are viable alternatives to discrete circuits in a wide variety of applications. A HV device generally used in these circuits is a lateral double diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor. Attempts to model LDMOS devices are complicated by the existence of the lightly doped drain and by the extension of the poly-silicon and the gate oxide. Several physically based investigations of the bias-dependent drift resistance of HV devices have been conducted, but a complete physical model has not been reported. We propose a new technique to model HV devices using both the BSIM3 SPICE model and a bias dependent resistor model (sub-circuit macro model).