• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.558-563
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• 2000

1960년대 최초로 Ruby 레이저의 개발 이래로, 치과용 드릴인 고속용 핸드피스를 대신해 치아 경조직 삭제에 레이저의 적용이 시도되어져 오고 있는데, 최근 Er:YAG레이저의 개발로 경조직 삭제시 이들의 삭제 효능과 치질의 온도상승에 관한 연구에 관심이 증대되었다. 과거 여러 종류의 레이저에 비해 2.94um Er:YAG 레이저는 파장의 특성이 치질의 수분과 하이드록시아파타이트에 매우 흡수율이 높아 치질내 수분이 고열에 의해 증기화되어 폭발하므로써 치질이 제거되므로 crack이나 탄화된 부위가 없이 와동 변연부가 명확하고 깨끗하며 효과적인 치질의 삭제가 가능하다. 삭제시 치질내 온도 상승이 레이저의 경조직 적용시 고려되는 중요한 문제점으로 대두되나 이는 물분사와 적적한 레이저 parameter의 사용으로 열 발생을 최소화하면 치수 손상이 발생하지 않는다고 보고 된다. 본증례는 치수에 근접하지 않은 우식 병소의 처치를 주소로 내원한 소아 환자들에 있어서 Er:YAG 레이저 적용시 기존의 고속용 삭제 기구에 비해 소음과 진동이 적어 소아 환자들의 치과 치료에 대한 공포감이나 동통을 최소로 하며 적절한 레이저 parameter와 물분사의 사용으로 치수에 대한 열자극이나 치질의 변색과 같은 임상적인 문제를 초래하지 않고 효과적으로 우식 병소의 제거 및 와동 형성을 시행할 수 있었다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the use of 3-dimensional (3D) laser scanning and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as methods of root surface measurement. Materials and Methods: Thirty teeth (15 maxillary first premolars and 15 mandibular first premolars) from 8 patients who required extractions for orthodontic treatment were selected. Before extraction, pre-treatment CBCT images of all the patients were recorded. First, a CBCT image was imported into simulation software (Mimics version 15.01; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) and the root surface area of each tooth was calculated using 3-Matic (version 7.01, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). After extraction, all the teeth were scanned and the root surface area of each extracted tooth was calculated. The root surface areas calculated using these 2 measurement methods were analyzed using the paired t-test (P<.05). Correlations between the 2 methods were determined by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) was used to assess intraobserver reliability. Results: The root surface area measurements ($230.11{\pm}41.97mm^2$) obtained using CBCT were slightly greater than those ($229.31{\pm}42.46mm^2$) obtained using 3D laser scanning, but not significantly (P=.425). A high Pearson correlation coefficient was found between the CBCT and the 3D laser scanner measurements. The intraobserver ICC was 1.000 for 3D laser scanning and 0.990 for CBCT. Conclusion: This study presents a novel CBCT approach for measuring the root surface area; this technique can be used for estimating the root surface area of non-extracted teeth.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.106-120
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• 1991

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of obstruction of dentinal tubules through irradiation of the $CO_2$ laser on the dentin surface. For this study, 104 extracted caries - free premolars and molars were grinded their mesial or distal surface to expose dentin completly. And these specimens were divided into three Groups. Group I : those with their smear layer not removed and Group IT : those with their smear layer removed, were irradiated by the $CO_2$ laser(SPACE LASER - $CO_2$ VEGA 25) at five different energy levels ranging 4 - 20J/$cm^2$, and all specimens were observed with scanning eletron microscope (Hitachi S - 450). Group m was divided into 2 sub - groups: one with smear layer, another one without and those were irradiated with $CO_2$ laser of the same condition as Group I & II. All specimens were immersed in, $37^{\circ}C$, 0.5% methylene blue solution for 48 hours after 100 times of thermocycling at $4^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, and were observed with stereo -light microscope (Olympus SZH - ILLD) to evaluate dye penetration. The following results were obtained; 1. The dentinal tubules were obstructed through laser irradiation. 2. The dentinal tubules were still obstructed after treatment of 10% HCl/2sec., then it was proved that acid resistance of detin surface was also increased. 3. The Group of laser irradiation showed less dye penetration than control Group. 4. The smear layer hardly affected obstruction of the dentinal tubules through laser irradiation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.522-530
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• 1996

Most dentists are very interested in laser therapy on the intraoral soft tissue lesions because they want to accomplish the analgesic and aseptic surgery with little or no bleeding. In order to determine the difference of pain threshold according to different gingival tissues with or without inflammation, 25 patients with inflammatory periodontal disease and 10 volunteers with good general and oral health were selected as the inflamed group and the normal group, respectively. Interdental papilla, marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, and alveolar mucosa were irradiated by the contact delivery($300{\mu]m$ fiber optic, for 5 seconds) of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser(EN.EL.EN06O, Italy). And the laser power was gradually increased from 0.5W by the increment of 0.1W. The highest laser power was recorded as the first painful power when the painful gesture was recognized at first. The difference of the first painful power of laser according to different gingival tissues with or without inflammation was statistically analyzed by paired t-test in MICROSTAT program. Following results were obtained: 1. In the comparison related with the inflammation, the first painful power was significantly lower in the inflamed group than in the normal group, regardless of interdental papilla and marginal gingiva(p<0.05). 2. In the comparison related with the tissue structure, the first painful. power was significantly lower in alveolar mucosa than in attached gingiva(p<0.05). The results suggest that, for the painless therapy by a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser irradiation, the laser surgery over 2.0W of power should be necessarily accomplished under the local anethesia, and the local anesthesia should be considered according to the degree of inflammation, the tissue structure, and the purpose of laser therapy.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.899-905
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• 1996

For the purpose of evaluation of microleakage of class V resin restoration, 64 extracted bovine teeth were filled with two kinds of light curing composite resins(Z-100, Clearfil) and polymerized with 40 seconds of visible light and with 10 seconds of argon laser. After 1000 thermocycling($5^{\circ}C/55^{\circ}C$), specimens were placed in 1 % methylen blue dye solution for 72 hours in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. The specimens were sectioned at center of filling body and the degree of dye penetration was observed with a stereomicroscope. The following results were obtained, 1. Differences of the microleakage of resin restorations polymerized with 10 seconds of argon laser and 40 seconds of visible light were statistically insignificant. 2. There was more microleakage in Z-100 than clearfil and there was a statistical significancy (p<0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

초기 우식병소와 건전한 치질은 광학적 특성이 다르다는 사실에 근거하여 치과 치료용으로 개발된 가시광선 영역의 레이저의 형광현상과 광활성재를 이용하여 우식 치질과 건전한 치질간의 광학적 특성의 차이를 색조의 차이로 유도 전환함으로써 초기 우식 병소를 조기에 시각적으로 탐지하여 진단하는 방법을 개발하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 소의 치아를 이용하여 여러 단계 깊이의 인공우식병소를 유발하고 우식병소의 표면에서 아르곤 레이저를 조사하여 건전 치질과 우식 치질 사이의 반사된 형광강도의 차이를 컴퓨터 영상분석프로그램을 통해 측정하였다. 또한 광활성재를 병소의 표면에 도포하여 형광현상의 색조대비 증진효과를 평가하였다. 실제 조직학적 병소와 레이저 형광법 사이의 상관관계 분석 및 회귀 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 레이저 형광법에 의한 우식 치질은 건전 치질보다 어둡게, 그리고 광활성재를 도포한후 레이저 형광법으로 관찰한 우식 병소는 건전 치질 보다 밝게 관찰 되었으며 광활성재를 이용한 레이저 형광법이 탈회의 초기단계에서는 레이저 형광법에 비해 진단학적 민감도가 컸다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA and pulsed Nd :YAG laser on apical leak-age of canal obturation. Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The teeth were instrumented up to a size 40 K-file and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl between each fie size. And the teeth were divided into 4 groups. In group A, the root canals were irrigated with a final flush of 5ml 2.5% NaOCl as a control group. The teeth in group B were irrigated with a final flush of 5ml 17% EDTA. The teeth in group C and D were irradiated by pulsed Nd：YAG laser(laser parameters were set at 1W, 100mJ, 10Hz, and 2W, 100mJ, 20Hz respectively). The results were as follows : 1. Apical leakage was observed in 50% of samples in group A, 30% of samples in group B, 20% of samples in group C, and 10% of samples in group D. 2. The teeth in group B had less leakage than group A, but there was no statistically significant differences(p＞0.05). 3. The teeth in group C, D had less leakage than group A, and there was statistically significant differences(p＜0.05). 4. The teeth in group C, D had less leakage than group B, but there was no statistically significant differences(p＞0.05). 5. There was no significant differences in apical leakage between group C and group D(p＞0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.62-75
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study was to compare the anticariogenecity of glass ionomer restorative material polymerized by argon laser versus visible light, The results from the present study can be summarized as follows; 1. Under the polarized light microscope, the specimens of laser-cured group showed the shallower lesion body than that of visible-light cured group, both in the stage of lesion initiation and progression. 2. Glass ionomer material cured by visible light showed shallower body of lesion than that of composite resin cured by argon laser at the stage of lesion progression(p<0.05). It was suggested fluoride released from the glass ionomer might have the additive anticariogenic effect. 3. Statistical difference between groups on depth of lesion body was evident after lesion progression (p<0.05). It was suggested that anticariogenic effect by argon laser was more effective at the stage of lesion progression than the lesion initiation. 4. The increment of lesion body during progression was highest in group IV (p<0.05). 5. Based upon the above-mentioned results of this study, it can be concluded that the advantage of anticariogenic effect and short curing time of argon laser in glass ionomer polymerization should be considered in children and adolescents whose caries activity is relatively higher.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2004

레이저 형광법을 이용하여 초기 인접면 우식증을 탐지할 수 있는지의 여부와 그 탐지 감도를 평가하여 인접면 우식증의 진단에 활용가능한지의 여부를 규명하기 위하여 사람의 치아를 사용하여 다양한 깊이의 인공우식병소를 유발시키고 이를 가시광선 투과법에 의한 시진, 교익 방사선사진 촬영, 레이저 형광법, 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법 등으로 관찰하여 검사법 간의 일치도, 상관관계, 병소 깊이에 따른 광밀도 등을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 탈회시간과 각 검사법들과 일치도 검사에서 시진의 경우 tau-c 값이 0.08로 탈회시간에 따른 시진의 검사 수치가 일치하지 않았으나 교익 방사선사진, 레이저 형광법, 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법의 tau-c 값은 각각 0.60, 0.48, 0,64로 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 탈회시간에 따른 병소깊이와 각 검사법 간의 상관관계는 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법$({\gamma}=0.51)$, 레이저 형광 법$({\gamma}=0.43)$, 교익 방사선사진$({\gamma}=0.35)$, 시진$({\gamma}=0.33)$ 순으로 높았으며 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법과 레이저 형광법은 탈회 시간과 상관관계가 있었다(P<0.05). 3. 교익 방사선사진을 기준 검사법으로 한 레이저 형광법과 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법의 진단학적 민감도는 각각 67%, 100%였으며 특이도는 57%, 11%로 민감도에 비해 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 4. 병소의 깊이에 따른 병소 표면에서의 건전 치질과 우식 치질 사이의 광밀도의 차이(DFR)는 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법이 레이저 형광법에 비해 크게 나타났으며(P<0.05) 병소 깊이의 변화에 따른 광밀도 변화는 레이저 형광법의 경우 유의한 변화를 보이는데 반해 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법에서는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 초기 인접면 우식증의 진단에 있어 레이저 형광법과 광활성 염료를 이용한 레이저 형광법은 교익 방사선사진에 뒤지지 않은 진단능을 가지고 있으나 우식 병소의 정성적인 분석뿐 아니라 정량적 분석이 가능한지의 여부는 향후 더 많은 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2011

Purpose: One of the most frequent complications related to dental implants is peri-implantitis, and the characteristics of implant surfaces are closely related to the progression and resolution of inflammation. Therefore, a technical modality that can effectively detoxify the implant surface without modification to the surface is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminium and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation on the microstructural changes in double acid-etched implant surfaces according to the laser energy and the application duration. Methods: The implant surface was irradiated using an Er:YAG laser with different application energy levels (100 mJ/pulse, 140 mJ/pulse, and 180 mJ/pulse) and time periods (1 minute, 1.5 minutes, and 2 minutes). We then examined the change in surface roughness value and microstructure. Results: In a scanning electron microscopy evaluation, the double acid-etched implant surface was not altered by Er:YAG laser irradiation under the condition of 100 mJ/pulse at 10 Hz for any of the irradiation times. However, we investigated the reduced sharpness of the specific ridge microstructure that resulted under the 140 mJ/pulse and 180 mJ/pulse conditions. The reduction in sharpness became more severe as laser energy and application duration increased. In the roughness measurement, the double acid-etched implants showed a low roughness value on the valley area before the laser irradiation. Under all experimental conditions, Er:YAG laser irradiation led to a minor decrease in surface roughness, which was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The recommended application settings for Er:YAG laser irradiation on double acid-etched implant surface is less than a 100 mJ/pulse at 10 Hz, and for less than two minutes in order to detoxify the implant surface without causing surface modification.