• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The purpose of the present review is to give an overview of the association between alcohol intake and the risk of developing cancer. Two large-scale expert reports; the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute of Cancer Research (AICR) report from 2007, including its continuous update project, and the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) monograph from 2012 have extensively reviewed this association in the last decade. We summarize and compare their findings, as well as relate these to the public health impact, with a particular focus on region-specific drinking patterns and disease tendencies. Our findings show that alcohol intake is strongly linked to the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (in men), and female breast. The two expert reports diverge on the evidence for an association with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in women, which the IARC grades as convincing, but the WCRF/AICR as probable. Despite these discrepancies, there does, however, not seem to be any doubt, that the Population Attributable Fraction of alcohol in relation to cancer is large. As alcohol intake varies largely worldwide, so does, however, also the Population Attributable Fractions, ranging from 10% in Europe to almost 0% in countries where alcohol use is banned. Given the World Health Organization's prediction, that alcohol intake is increasing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and steadily high in high-income countries, the need for preventive efforts to curb the number of alcohol-related cancers seems growing, as well as the need for taking a region- and gender-specific approach in both future campaigns as well as future research. The review acknowledges the potential beneficial effects of small doses of alcohol in relation to ischaemic heart disease, but a discussion of this lies without the scope of the present study.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 1991

The results of the investigation of literature were summerized as follows ; 1. Information of voice, the pharynx, the larynx, the epiglottis, the uvula and the hyoid bone were concerned. 2. In disorders of voice and speech, Lung channel, Stomach channel, Spleen channel, Heart channel, Liver channel, Kidney channel, Im channel (任脈), and Chung channel (衝脈) were concerned. 3. The disorders of voice and speech were showed as follows ; aphonia, ashasia, seong-shi (?嘶), seom-eo(?語) kwang-eo (狂語), jeong-seong (鄭?), dok-eo (獨語) and chak-eo (錯語). 4. The cause of Aphonia and Aphasia were freauently as follows ; abnormal rising of Liver energy (肝邪暴逆), excessive heart fire (心火太過), deficiency of heart-blood (心血太虛), apoplexy of heart spleen (心脾俱中風), consumption of lung fluid caused by heat evil (肺津被灼), deficiency of lung energy (肺氣虛寒) and dificiency of kidney energy (腎虛). 5. The cause of seom-eo, kwang-eo, Jeong-seong were as follows ; the heart of stomach (胃中熱), the heat evil attach the blood chamber (血人血室) and the consumption of healthy energy (精氣奪). 6. In disorders of voice and speech, flaceid tong with aphasia (舌?) and aphasia due to throat disease (喉?) were divided.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2015

Background: Cancer is a major health problem at global level. It is increasingly registered in Iraq and Basrah but the epidemiological situation, though becoming better documented, is still questionable regarding the adequacy of data. Objective: The study aimed to measure the incidence of cancer in Basrah. Materials and Methods: The results presented in this paper are part of a large household survey carried out in Basrah governorate-southern Iraq over a 12 month period (January to December 2013). It involved a detailed interview with adult respondents from each and every household enrolled in the study during a three-year recall period about the incidence of cancer. A total of 6,999 households were covered yielding 40,684 persons. Results: The total number of new cancer cases reported over the three- year recall period (2010-2012) was 112. The average annual incidence rate of all cancers was 91.8 per 100,000 population with a higher rate for females (109.7) compared to males (74.3) The overall age standardized rate was 150.7 per 100,000. The highest incidence rate was recorded for the Southern part of the governorate (Abul-Khasib and Fao ) at 138.8 per 100,000 and the lowest was for East of Basrah (Shatt-Arab District) at 78.0 per 100,000. With respect to cancer types, the main cancers were those of breast, lung, larynx-pharynx, leukaemia, colon-rectum and urinary bladder. These six cancers accounted for 51.5% of all reported cases. Other important cancers were those of brain, bones, pancreas and liver, accounting for a further 17.9%. Conclusions: The pattern of cancer in Basrah is generally similar to the pattern at the national level in terms of age, sex and topography but the incidence rate according to the present household survey is higher than any previously reported figures. Household surveys for cancer seem feasible albeit difficult and costly.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.159-184
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• 1997

A Literature study on the language disturbance, the results are as follows; 1. Utterance was closely concerned not only the vocal organs(pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, lips, tongue, vocal cord etc,) but also five viscera{especially heart, lung, kidney etc.) in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. It is very like the vocal mechanism in Medical science. 2. In the language disturbance, It is classified with dysarthria and dysphasia in Medical science. But in Oriental medicine, it is expressed the language disturbance as coma-speech lessness, stiff tongue-speechlessness, frightening-speechlessness etc. Especially in Oriental medicine, Non-utterance is called aphasia in literature study. 3. In the concern of the language disturbance and five viscera, $Heart{\cdot}Lung{\cdot}Kidney$ are counted of first importence. In differential diagnosis, It is divided sthenia-syndrome and asthenia-syndrome. Sthenia-syndrome is classified with wind-cold, fire-evil, adverseness of vital energy, stagnation of phlegm, is easy to cure. Asthenia-syndrome is classified with sexual desire, anxiety-meditation, fear, is hard to cure. 4. The pathogenesis of dysphasia originated from two factors; The first internal damages are consumption of body fluid caused by lung-dryness and yin-dificiency of lung & kidney. The second disease caused by exogenous evjls is sluggishness of lung-energy. 5. In many using points of acupuncture of the language disturbance, the order is LI-4(合谷), H-7(神門), K-l(湧泉), L-3(太衝), K-3(太谿), S-6(三陰交), H-5(通里), G-15(아門), C-23(廉泉), S-40(豊降), K-6(照海), L-7(列缺), S-36(足三里) etc.

• 대한기계학회논문집 C: 기술과 교육
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2014

상기도 내의 약물 전달을 알아보기 위하여 구강 호흡 시 공기유동에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 상기도는 구강과 후두, 기관과 기관지로 구성되어 있다. 정밀 촬영한 CT 데이터로부터 의료영상 소프트웨어(Mimics)를 이용한 구분(segmentation)과 세심한 표면처리를 통하여 해부학적으로 정확한 모델을 만들 수 있었다. 이 3차원 컴퓨터 모델을 이용하여, 구강에서 기관지의 2번째 분지까지 이르는 유로의 수치 모델을 제작하였다. 수치해석은 상용 소프트웨어인 ANSYS/Fluent를 이용하여 계산하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 모델은 노즐이 부착되지 않은 상태에서 초당 250 mL를 흡입하는 정상 구강호흡 모델과 입구에 각각 20 mL/s, 40 mL/s, 60 mL/s의 유량을 갖는 노즐을 장착한 모델을 사용하였다. 전산 유동가시화 결과로부터, 노즐의 유량을 증가시킬수록 선회류의 발생 정도가 증가하여 구강 내 약물의 잔류 량은 증가하지만, 기관/기관지에 약물 도표는 균일하게 나타났다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.115-129
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• 2015

Objective : This study aims to review clinical studies evaluating effectiveness of Korean medicine for smoking cessation. It also aims to critically analyze study design of the studies and suggest strategies for future clinical studies on smoking cessation. Method : Only domestic databases such as RISS, KISS, DBPIA, NDSL, and OASIS were searched from August to November 2011 for clinical studies on smoking cessation. There was no limitation on study design, period, and language. The studies were qualitatively analyzed focusing on study design including participants, intervention, and outcome measurements. Results : Out of 537 studies searched, 27 studies were included in the analysis. 56% of the studies were observational studies, 33% were quasi-experimental studies, and 11% were randomized controlled studies. 44% and 32% of the studies were conducted at educational institutions and hospitals, respectively. The average number of the participants were 182, which ranged from 15 to 1,056. Most of the participants were male. Intervention used were mostly auricular acupuncture, and the most frequently used acupoints were Lung, Shinmun, Endocrine, Pharynx & Larynx, and Inner nose. The average length of treatment period was four weeks, and the treatment was provided twice per week. The outcomes were measured at the end of the treatment and only 26% of the studies conducted follow-up measurements. 26% of the studies utilized questionnaires of which validity was evaluated and only 15% used objective measurements such as exhaled Carbon monoxide and Cotinine test. Conclusion : Though many clinical studies on effectiveness of Korean medicine for smoking cessation were conducted, there are still debates on quality of evidence. Recently, guidelines have been developed for clinical trials evaluating effectiveness of smoking cessation program. Thus, in the future, clinical studies should be developed based on these guidelines and designed to improve validity and reliability.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.95-111
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• 1997

The human speech organ consists of respiration system (lung, larynx), phonation system (vocal cord), articulation system (esophagus, pharynx, uvula, teeth, gingiva, palate, tongue, lip) and resonating system(oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus). Because teeth are components of the articulation system, it has been reported that the persons with abnormally positioned teeth generally have abnormal occlusion and pronunciation. In this study, using /ㅅ(s)/, the most commonly mispronunced consonant in children with malocclusion, and the seven single vowels, /사(sa), 서($s\delta$), 소(so), 수(su), 스($s\omega$), 시(si), 세(se)/ and / ㅏ(a), ㅓ($\delta$), ㅗ(o), ㅜ(u), ㅡ($\omega$), 1(i), ㅔ(e)/ were recorded and analyzed using speech analysis program on computer by measuring formants and compared them for investigating the differences in pronunciation in children with Angle's class I occlusions and those with Angle's class II div.1 malocclusion. The result were as follows: 1. In the Angle's Class II div.1 group, there were no significant differences in F1 of all recorded sounds as compared with Angle's Class I group(p>0.05). 2. In the consonants, there were significant differences in F2 of /스($s\omega$)/ and F2/F1 ratio of /사(sa), 서($s\delta$), 시(si)/ between the two group(p<0.05). 3. In the vowels, there were significant differences F2/F1 ratio of /ㅓ($\delta$)/(p<0.05) and no significant differences in F2/F1 ratio between two group(p>0.05). 4. In the consonants, there were significant differences in F2 and F2/F1 ratio when succeeding vowels were high or low, and F2/F1 ratio when front in accordance with tongue position (p<0.05). 5. In the vowels, there were no significant differences in formant in accordance with tongue position(p>0.05)

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.660-669
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study is to find the acoustic characteristics of acupuncture therapy effects on post-stroke dysarthria. Methods : Acupuncture therapy was applied for four to six weeks by inserting needles into eight acupuncture points, CV23, CV24, bilateral 'Sheyu' and ipsilateral ST4, ST6 and contralateral LI4, ST36 on facial palsy side. All the speech samples were collected, pre-treatment and post-treatment, using Computerized Speech Lab. VOT and TD of each speech sample and vowel formant(F1&F2) were analyzed on spectrogram. Result : VOT and TD were decreased after treatment. F1 was decreased, and F2 was increased after treatment. Conclusions : This suggests that acupuncture therapy improves symptoms of post-stroke dysarthria by stimulating articulation organs such as tongue, lips, cheeks, larynx and pharynx.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.154-162
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• 1999

저자들은 1990년 12월부터 1999년 2월까지 48례의 경우에서 하인두에 발생한 악성종양을 광범위 절제한 후 유리피판 또는 근피판을 이용하여 재건하였다. 39례에서 유리공장 피판, 5례에서 유리전박 피판을 tubing 형태로 사용했으며, 2례에서는 유리전박 피판을 patch 형태로 사용하였고, 2례에서는 대흉근 근피판을 이용하여 경부식도를 재건하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 하인두의 악성종양이 고령의 나이에 발생한다는 사실을 감안했을 때 유리전박 피판에 비해 급양공장루를 통해 조기에 영양섭취가 손쉬운 유리공장 피판이 환자의 상태를 정상으로 회복시키는데 장점이 있었다. 2. 술후 가장 흔한 합병증인 누공의 발생은 문합을 제대로 시행했을 경우 우려할 필요 없으며, 따라서 술후에 시행하는 식도조영검사는 누공의 증상이 있는 경우에만 선별적으로 실시해야 할 것이다. 3. 문합부 내경의 협착이 우려될 때는 직경이 큰 비강영양튜부(nasogastric tube)를 조기에 삽입하여 극단적인 협착을 감소시키고, 영양섭취 경로를 확보해야 한다. 4. 문합부 협착을 예방하기 위해 상하부 문합부 모두를 파형으로 도안하여 피판을 문합 봉합해야 하며, 협착이 의심스러울 때는 내시경검사를 시행하여 확진해야 한다. 5. 혈관문합은 유리전박 피판을 시행하는 경우에 있어서 수월하였으며, 유리공장 피판을 시행할 때는 술전에 정맥이식을 고려해야 한다.