• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.884-892
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• 2020

Corticosterone is known as a biological stress index in many species including birds. Feather corticosterone concentration (FCC) has increasingly been used as a measure for chronic stress status in broiler chickens. As sample preparation is the first step of analytical process, different techniques of feather matrix disruption need to be validated for obtaining better result in analysing corticosterone extraction. The current study was a validation of pulverizing the feather by bead beater (BB) and surgical scissors (SS) processing prior to corticosterone extraction in feather of broiler chickens. The type of feather processing prior to the hormone extraction may alter the final output. Thereby, finding a standard method according to laboratory facilities is pivotal. This study carried out to determine the effects of feather pulverization methods on the extraction amount of corticosterone in broiler chickens. Feathers were sampled from four weeks old Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 12 birds). All broiler chickens were kept under the same environmental condition and had access to feed and water. Feather samples were assigned to one of the following processing methods 1) using a BB for pulverizing and 2) using a SS for chopping into tiny pieces. Each sample was duplicated into two wells during enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis to improve the accuracy of the obtained data. The results showed lower standard errors and constant output of FCC by using the BB method compared with the SS method. Overall comparison of FCC showed a significantly higher (p < 0.001) amount of the FCC in the BB compared with the SS. Overall, using the BB method is recommended over the SS method for feather processing due to the ability to homogenize a large number of samples simultaneously, ease of use and greater extraction of feather corticosterone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1482-1498
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• 2000

This paper reviews the meat-type chicken breeding with local breeds in China. The quality chickens are defined as purebred final products of local breeds, and semi-quality chickens as crossbreds of local breeds with specialized broiler (sire or dam) lines from western breeding organizations. The present status of the chicken production and the market in China, in comparison with the western countries, is reviewed, indicating that there is large market demand for (semi-) quality chickens in the present and future China. Breeding for (semi-) quality chickens emphasizes the sensory quality of chicken meat. The present status of breeding for (semi-) quality chickens with the local breeds is illustrated, including breeding goals and the existing breeding programs. The potential role of local breeds in breeding programs in China is discussed in relation to both providing higher quality (than commercial hybrid broilers) of chicken meat for the local market and meeting the objectives of genetic resource conservation. Besides, further research topics on breeding for (semi-) quality chickens are suggested.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2012

본 시험은 세 가지 다른 사육밀도가 대형 육계 수컷의 생산성과 도체수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 처리구는 사육밀도에 따라 T1(9.1수/$m^2$), T2(10.3수/$m^2$) 및 T3(11.5수/$m^2$)로 하였다. 공시계는 1일령 Arbor Acre종 육계 수컷 408수를 선별하여 처리구당 4반복씩, 반복당 각각 30, 34 및 38수씩 나누어 완전임의 배치하였으며, 육계초기(0~1주), 전기(1~3주) 및 후기(3~6주)로 나누어 총 6주 동안 사양시험을 실시하였다. 조사항목으로 생존율, 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구율, 생산지수 및 도체수율을 조사하였다. 6주 동안의 육성률은 세 처리구 모두 89% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 처리구간 차이가 없었다. 1주령의 체중은 T2에서 가장 높았으며, T3에서 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 0~1주령의 증체량은 T2에서 가장 높았으며, T3에서 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 그러나 1~2주령의 증체량은 T3에서 가장 높았으며, T1에서 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 0~6주령까지의 전체 증체량은 T2처리구가 3,031 g으로 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 사료 섭취량은 3~4주령에 T1, T2 및 T3에서 각각 1,417 g, 1,265 g 및 1,355 g으로 T1에서 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 2주령부터 6주령까지의 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량은 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 사료 요구율은 1~2주령, 3~4주령 및 0~6주령에 T1에서 가장 높았다(P<0.05). T1, T2 및 T3의 생산지수는 각각 363.5, 388.3, 358.3으로 처리구 사이에 유의적인 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 4주령 육계의 도체수율과 대부분의 부분육(다리, 가슴, 등, 목) 비율은 처리구간 차이가 없었으나, 날개 부위의 비율은 T1의 비율이 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 5주령 육계의 도체수율과 부분육(날개, 다리, 가슴, 등, 목) 비율은 처리구간 유의차가 없었다. 6주령 육계의 도체수율은 목 부분의 비율이 T2에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며(P<0.05), T1과 T3사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 본 시험은 대형 육계를 위한 다양한 사육밀도를 기초 자료로 제공하였으며 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2013

본 시험은 세 가지 다른 사육 밀도가 대형 육계 암컷의 생산성과 도체 수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 처리구는 사육 밀도에 따라 T1(10.9 수/$m^2$), T2(12.4 수/$m^2$) 및 T3(13.9 수/$m^2$)로 하였다. 공시계는 1일령 Arbor Acre종 육계 암컷 492수를 선별하여 처리구당 4반복씩, 반복당 각각 36, 41 및 46수씩 나누어 완전임의 배치하였으며, 육계 초기(0~1주), 전기(1~3주) 및 후기(3~6주)로 나누어 총 6주 동안 사양시험을 실시하였다. 조사 항목으로 생존율, 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구율, 생산지수, 도체 수율 그리고 부분육 비율(날개, 다리, 가슴, 등, 목)을 조사하였다. 6주 동안의 육성률은 세 처리구 모두 90% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 처리구 간 차이가 없었다. 육계의 체중은 3주령, 증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료 요구율은 2~3주령에 T3 처리구에서 가장 낮았으며(P<0.05), T1과 T2 처리구 사이에 서는 유의차가 없었다(P>0.05). T1, T2 및 T3 처리구의 생산지수는 각각 331.0, 340.8, 336.0으로 처리구 사이에 유의적인 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 4주령 육계의 도체 수율과 대부분의 부분육(날개, 가슴, 등, 목) 비율은 처리구 간 차이가 없었으나, 다리 부위의 비율은 T2에서 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 5주령 육계의 도체 수율은 T1처리구에서 76.2%로 가장 높았으나(P<0.05), 부분육 비율은 처리구 간 유의차가 없었다. 6주령 육계의 도체 수율과 부분육 비율은 처리구 간 차이가 없었다. 본 시험은 대형 육계 암컷을 위한 다양한 사육 밀도를 기초자료로 제공하였으며, 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2008

Deep pectoral myopathy (DPM), also known as Oregon muscle disease or green muscle disease, was first described in 1968 by Dickinson et al as "degenerative myopathy" in turkeys. Even though this condition was first recognized in adult meat-type turkey and chicken breeders, it is becoming more and more common in meat-type growing birds. DPM occurs exclusively in birds that have been specially selected for breast muscle development. It is generally recognized that DPM is an ischemic necrosis that develops in the deep pectoral muscle (supracoracoideus or pectoralis minor muscle) mainly because this muscle is surrounded by inelastic fascia and the sternum, which do not allow the muscle mass to swell in response to the physiological changes occurring when muscle are exercised, as in wing flapping. The lesion does not impair the general health of birds and is generally found during cut-up and deboning, moreover, it can be both unilateral or bilateral, affecting just one or both pectoralis minor muscle, respectively. No public health significance is associated to DPM, but it is aesthetically undesirable. The fillet should be removed, whereas the rest of the carcass is still fit for human consumption. However, the required trimming operations determine the downgrading of the products and produce an economic loss for the industry, especially because it affects the more valuable part of the carcass. The incidence of DPM increases with market weight in broilers, with more cases reported in higher-yielding strains and in males. Increased bird activity (flock nervousness, flightiness, struggle, and wing flapping) induced by factors such as feed or water outages, lighting programs and intensity, human activity, and excessive noises in and around chicken houses should be looked at as a trigger for the development of DPM in broiler. However, most of the studies conducted to evaluate the incidence of DPM in poultry are concerned with parental commercial breeding stocks under experimental conditions (Bianchi et al. 2006. Poult Sci 85 : 1843-1846). There is a possible genetic relationship between the selection for large-breasted birds and this condition. Management procedures that discourage excessive wing flapping would reduce the incidence (Jordan and Pattison. 1998. Poultry diseases. 398-399).

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.424-429
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• 2005

In previous studies, it has been reported that both S. enteritidis, the most common serotype, and S. enteritidis Phage Type 4 (SEPT 4) isolates were identified as the most prevalent PT in domestic poultry and also in humans in Korea until 2002. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and epidemiological properties of both PT isolates, and also to trace the source of SEPT 4 isolates from domestic poultry and humans by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In order to understand the molecular epidemiologic properties of SEPT 4 isolates, which have very similar phenotypic properties to our preliminary investigations (serotyping, phage typing, large plasmids and antibiograms), PFGE analysis with XbaI enzyme was performed on the representative SEPT 4 isolates. Thirty-six SEPT 4 isolates were analyzed and differentiated with 10 pulsed-field profiles (PFP) expressing very high discriminative ability (SID: 0.921). In PFP, SEPT 4 isolates from human patients showed a perfect genetic match with those from broiler chickens and meats. Therefore, this study was able to successfully trace the major source of SEPT 4 isolates and also to determine the usefulness of the PFGE method for genetic analysis of epidemic strains.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1032-1032
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• 2001

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) calibration techniques have been used commercially for agricultural applications since the mid-nineties. Global models, based on transmission data from 850 to 1050 nm, are used routinely to measure protein and moisture in wheat and barley and also moisture in triticale, rye, and oats. These models are currently used commercially in approx. 15 countries throughout the world. Results concerning earlier European ANN models are being published elsewhere. Some of the findings from that study will be discussed here. ANN models have also been developed for coarsely ground samples of compound feed and feed ingredients, again measured in transmission mode from 850 to 1050 nm. The performance of models for pig- and poultry feed will be discussed briefly. These models were developed from a very large data set (more than 20,000 records), and cover a very broad range of finished products. The prediction curves are linear over the entire range for protein, fat moisture, fibre, and starch (measured only on poultry feed), and accuracy is in line with the performance of smaller models based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). A simple bias adjustment is sufficient for calibration transfer across instruments. Recently, we have investigated the possible use of ANN for a different type of NIR spectrometer, based on reflectance data from 1100 to 2500 nm. In one study, based on data for protein, fat, and moisture measured on unground compound feed samples, dedicated ANN models for specific product classes (cattle feed, pig feed, broiler feed, and layers feed) gave moderately better Standard Errors of Prediction (SEP) compared to modified PLS (MPLS). However, if the four product classes were combined into one general calibration model, the performance of the ANN model deteriorated only slightly compared to the class-specific models, while the SEP values for the MPLS predictions doubled. Brix value in molasses is a measure of sugar content. Even with a huge dataset, PLS models were not sufficiently accurate for commercial use. In contrast an ANN model based on the same data improved the accuracy considerably and straightened out non-linearity in the prediction plot. The work of Mr. David Funk (GIPSA, U. S. Department of Agriculture) who has studied the influence of various types of spectral distortions on ANN- and PLS models, thereby providing comparative information on the robustness of these models towards instrument differences, will be discussed. This study was based on data from different classes of North American wheat measured in transmission from 850 to 1050 nm. The distortions studied included the effect of absorbance offset pathlength variation, presence of stray light bandwidth, and wavelength stretch and offset (either individually or combined). It was shown that a global ANN model was much less sensitive to most perturbations than class-specific GIPSA PLS calibrations. It is concluded that ANN models based on large data sets offer substantial advantages over PLS models with respect to accuracy, range of materials that can be handled by a single calibration, stability, transferability, and sensitivity to perturbations.