• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2003

This study was performed to suggest growth status data of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea. Field investigation of 70 large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea was carried out in Seoul, Inchon, Kyungki, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Chonbuk, Chonnam. The main field of this study is classified into the growth condition, soil state and management situation. The results of this study are below : The age distribution of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea is as follows : above l00years in 5.9%, above 200years in 8.9%, above 300 years in 11.8%, above 400 years in 16.2%, above 500 years in 16.2% and above 600years in 41.1%. Location types of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea are found in 11 types; the types are hill side(22.9%), historical monument area(15.7%), field(l4.3%) and building area(12.9%), etc. Also, growth type of the trees is individually placed. In the aspect of soil environment, the acidification of soils has been appearing in all surveyed areas, and the soil of Seoul area has much acidum phosphoricum because of excessive fertilizer. Finally, in management situation. major factors inhibiting growth of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea are soil covering of protruded root above ground, soil hardening by human, embankments, small area that has been surrounded fence. Continuous monitoring and accumulation of status data are necessary to preserve the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2005

As a result of this study, vitality of natural monuments (large trees) looks relatively good but they require continuous management. Also, the management for condition recovery and condition maintenance, and minimum measures are needed at least to avoid natural calamity. Major points induced are as follows : The first, although most of natural monument large trees showed favorable growth environment, most of them are aged and have dense twigs with requirement for weed trimming to remove complicated and unnecessary branches. In addition, as most of large trees grow alone in a large space with potential natural calamity, thus, minimum measures are required at least. Secondly, change in electric resistance in surveyed large trees was relatively favorable, however, large trees with soil covering showed high electric resistance and were found to have low vitality. As shown, this study was conducted to find out the measurement techniques of natural monuments, Basic foundation is suggested through the measurement of electric resistance, and the vitality of natural monuments; more accurate investigation will be remained for further discussion.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2004

This study validated the effect of Vaseline and the vegetable hormone-added medicine that can influence the formation of new calluses on the injured part, with the subjects of natural monument trees and large old trees. The medicines can help in the treatment of the pored or injured parts and promote the formation of new callus on natural monument trees and large old trees, which can help vigorous growth activities and prevent any secondary infection by pathogens at the same time. It turned out that the Vaseline that is used for the protection of cambiums after surgical operations on the trees did not have any significant effect on the formation of calluses. However, since it was found that new calluses formed rapidly when applying the medicine using a vegetable hormone, the medicine is highly recommended for use. If further studies should determine proper medicines for the trees according to the kinds of trees and if the medicine is applied in proper concentrations to the injured part for rapid formation of calluses on the trees when the trees undergo surgical operations, it then should be helpful in preventing the sound part(s) of the trees from decay caused by secondary infection and treatment of the injured part.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of thinning intensity on the growth of large diameter trees in Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) plantation. Eight thinning plots were analyzed by categorizing into heavy thinning, light thinning, no thinning (control) according to thinning intensity. As a result, average DBH increased more in heavy thinning plots than in light thinning or unthinned plots. The number of large trees (DBH>25 cm) were obviously shown the most in heavy thinning plots. It is considered that heavy thinning is needed for the production of the large diameter trees.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2017

Background: Spatial structure of plants in a population reflects complex interactions of ecological and evolutionary processes. For dioecious plants, differences in reproduction cost between sexes and sizes might affect their spatial distribution. Abiotic heterogeneity may also affect adaptation activities, and result in a unique spatial structure of the population. Thus, we examined sex- and size-related spatial distributions of old-growth forest of dioecious tree Torreya nucifera in extremely heterogeneous Gotjawal terrain of Jeju Island, South Korea. Methods: We generated a database of location, sex, and size (DBH) of T. nucifera trees for each quadrat ($160{\times}300m$) in each of the three sites previously defined (quadrat A, B, C in Site I, II, and III, respectively). T. nucifera trees were categorized into eight groups based on sex (males vs. females), size (small vs. large trees), and sex by size (small vs. large males, and small vs. large females) for spatial point pattern analysis. Univariate and bivariate spatial analyses were conducted. Results: Univariate spatial analysis showed that spatial patterns of T. nucifera trees differed among the three quadrats. In quadrat A, individual trees showed random distribution at all scales regardless of sex and size groups. When assessing univariate patterns for sex by size groups in quadrat B, small males and small females were distributed randomly at all scales whereas large males and large females were clumped. All groups in quadrat C were clustered at short distances but the pattern changed as distance was increased. Bivariate spatial analyses testing the association between sex and size groups showed that spatial segregation occurred only in quadrat C. Males and females were spatially independent at all scales. However, after controlling for size, males and females were spatially separated. Conclusions: Diverse spatial patterns of T. nucifera trees across the three sites within the Torreya Forest imply that adaptive explanations are not sufficient for understanding spatial structure in this old-growth forest. If so, the role of Gotjawal terrain in terms of creating extremely diverse microhabitats and subsequently stochastic processes of survival and mortality of trees, both of which ultimately determine spatial patterns, needs to be further examined.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2015

아파트 단지 내 대형교목은 공동주택 외부환경의 질적 수준을 좌우하는 주요한 요인이다. 이것은 단지의 랜드 마크적 활용 및 공간 상징성 제고를 위한 목적으로 활용된다. 그러나 대형교목의 식재는 높은 유지관리비용 및 하자의 발생으로 오히려 외부환경의 질적 저하를 초래하는 요인이 되기도 한다. 이에 본 연구는 공동주택 인공지반에 식재되는 대형 교목을 대상으로, 식재실태를 분석하여 대형교목의 식재 개선방향 제시를 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 3개 대상지의 대형교목(R20이상) 총 265주를 대상으로, 조경설계계획 및 현장설계 변경사항, 그리고 준공실태를 관련 설계도서 및 현장 조사를 기반으로 식재 현황 및 최소 생육 토심, 추가 토심조치 유형 등을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 공동주택의 대형교목 조경설계는 85% 심근성 수종으로 평균 R35의 대형교목이 인공지반에 식재되고, 평균 65cm 최소 생육 토심이 부족한 것으로 조사되었다. 그리고 현장설계변경은 주로 R30과 R40의 특정 규격에 한정된 검토가 이루어지고, 부족 토심에 대한 추가계획 등은 수반되지 않고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 다음으로, 추가 토심 확보방안으로 85%가 마운딩으로 조치하였으나, 만족율은 10%내외로 매우 낮아, 조치방법에 문제가 있음을 지적하였다. 또한 대형 교목의 규격과 뿌리근 특성 이외에, 식재 입지선정이 최소 생육 토심 확보에 주요한 요인임을 지적하고, 식재계획 시 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제21권45호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1998

This paper addresses the data classification using the induction of decision trees. A weakness of other techniques of induction of decision trees is that decision trees are too large because they construct decision trees until leaf nodes have a single class. Our study include both overcoming this weakness and constructing decision trees which is small and accurate. First, we construct the decision trees using classification threshold and exception threshold in construction stage. Next, we present two stage pruning method using classification threshold and reduced error pruning in pruning stage. Empirical results show that our method obtain the decision trees which is accurate and small.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.92-104
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• 2002

This study investigates, analyzes, and summarizes Dansplantation techniques and methods through practical methodology centering on fieldwork in order to present effective planting methods for large trees that have important significance. The conclusions are as follows : 1. The transplantation process of a large tree generally consists of the stages of digging up a tree, manufacturing a carrier frame, loading the tee on a vehicle, transporting, transplanting the tree, installing a strut and maintaining and managing the new transplant. In addition, planting a tree on a mounted place includes the primary procedures of trimming out the root, and preparing for transplanting the tree on a mounted place, as well as the secondary work of trimming out the root, transplanting a tree on a mounted place, maintenance and management. 2. In order to decide on a transplantation method for a large-sized tree, a structure calculation has to be performed first. That is, one must calculate the weight of the tree and the allowable stress of the strut (H-beam, etc.) fhst and then decide on the upper method through computer modeling based upon this structural calculation. 3. As a result of the analysis of a transplanted tree using the life soil method, it was confirmed that large quantities of feeder roots had developed around the root within a short time after the transplantation. The life soil method has proven to be very effective for transplantation of large-sized trees. 4. As for the production method of an H-beam strut frame, it was found that the manufacturing process and disassembly process were simple and proper; therefore, the H-beam frame is an appropriate structure to be used in the transplantation of large trees. 5. The concavo-convex method, which consists of filling the life soil in the concavo-convex area around the root, was found to be a method that promotes the growth of feeder roots within a short period of time and saves the supply of water at the same time.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.118-130
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• 2023

노거수 내부의 대규모 공동이나 부후는 나무가 쓰러지거나 부러지는 주요 원인 중 하나로, 구조적으로 약해진 나무는 강풍이나 폭설에 더욱 취약하다. 특히 노거수는 강풍, 폭설 등과 같은 외부 충격 발생 시 피해 가능성이 상대적으로 더 높고 한번 훼손되면 회복이 어렵기 때문에 예방적 관리가 중요하다. 이에, 천연기념물 이팝나무 7개소를 대상으로 육안교목평가(VTA)와 나무단층영상촬영을 실시하여 노거수의 물리적 생육상태를 평가하였다. 육안교목평가 결과, 상대적으로 '양산 신전리 이팝나무'와 '순천 평중리 이팝나무', '광양읍수와 이팝나무'는 가지의 연결각도가 좁고, 부착력이 약한 것으로 분석되었으나 수관이 왜소하고 하중 부담이 낮아 추가적인 보호시설 설치보다는 위험징후에 대한 정기 모니터링이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 나무단층영상촬영 결과 이팝나무 전체적으로 내부에 공동이 탐지되었고 '순천 평중리 이팝나무(70.8%)', '고창 중산리 이팝나무(66.8%)', '광양읍수와 이팝나무(56.9%)' 순으로 공동이나 부후로 추정되는 면적이 넓은 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2020

There are many existing trees are to be damaged by reconstruction of large housing estates. The purpose of this study was to find out sustainable conversion methods of Greenbank system by UR Agency. Greenbank system is divided 3 parts as Preserving, Replanting, Recycling of Existing trees. Literature and institutional review and site survey of 5 reconstruction housing estate were the methods for the following findings. The results are follows. Firstly, Because of feasibility of reconstruction, existing trees are preserving at boundary space of reconstruction housing estates. Secondly, existing trees are preserving at inner space for remember of resettlement as symbolic trees. It is conformed by residents participation with UR Agency and city official. Thirdly, Preserving and replanting trees are recorded signboard in the reconstruction housing estates, and preserving of trees are developed as Green workshop by residents. Fourthly, Besides Preserving and Replanting trees, the other trees are recycling as bench, play equipment, planter, etc. And it is remained symbol of reconstruction housing estates. Fifthly, District planning as a institutional, Guidelines as a noninstitutional method are very efficiently for preserving trees. But a part of this study can be adapt reconstruction housing estates in Korea. The results of this study are expected to serve some clue for dealing with the practice of sustainable conversion in housing estates.