• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권9호
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• pp.3835-3850
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• 2024

The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) with spherical fuel elements contains complex pebble flow. The flow behavior of pebbles is influenced by various factors, such as pebble density, friction coefficient, wall structure, and discharge port size. Using a GPU-DEM numerical model, the effects of the friction coefficient on the cyclic loading and unloading of pebbles in the full-scale HTR-PM are studied. Numerical simulations with up to 420,000 spherical pebbles are conducted. Four sets of friction coefficient values are determined for comparative analysis based on experimental measurements. Discharging speed, residence time, stress, porosity, and velocity distribution are quantitatively analyzed. In addition, a comparison with the CT-PFD experiment is carried out to validate the numerical model. The results show that near-wall retention phenomena are observed in the reactor core only when using large friction coefficients. However, using friction coefficient values closer to the measured experimental values, the pebble bed in HTR-PM exhibited good flow characteristics. Furthermore, the friction coefficient also influences the porosity and velocity distribution of the pebble bed, with lower friction coefficients resulting in lower overall stress in the bed. The discharge outlet's influence varies with different friction coefficient values. In summary, this study demonstrates that the value of the friction coefficient has a complex influence on the pebble flow in HTR-PM, which provides important insights for future numerical and experimental studies in this field.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.221-221
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• 2014

The present work proposes an improved numerical simulator for design and modification of large area capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) processing chamber. CCP, as notoriously well-known, demands the tremendously huge computational cost for carrying out transient analyses in realistic multi-dimensional models, because electron dissociations take place in a much smaller time scale (${\Delta}t{\approx}10-8{\sim}10-10$) than time scale of those happened between neutrals (${\Delta}t{\approx}10-1{\sim}10-3$), due to the rf drive frequencies of external electric field. And also, for spatial discretization of electron flux (Je), exponential scheme such as Scharfetter-Gummel method needs to be used in order to alleviate the numerical stiffness and resolve exponential change of spatial distribution of electron temperature (Te) and electron number density (Ne) in the vicinity of electrodes. Due to such computational intractability, it is prohibited to simulate CCP deposition in a three-dimension within acceptable calculation runtimes (<24 h). Under the situation where process conditions require thickness non-uniformity below 5%, however, detailed flow features of reactive gases induced from three-dimensional geometric effects such as gas distribution through the perforated plates (showerhead) should be considered. Without considering plasma chemistry, we therefore simulated flow, temperature and species fields in three-dimensional geometry first, and then, based on that data, boundary conditions of two-dimensional plasma discharge model are set. In the particular case of SiH4-NH3-N2-He CCP discharge to produce deposition of SiNxHy thin film, a cylindrical showerhead electrode reactor was studied by numerical modeling of mass, momentum and energy transports for charged particles in an axi-symmetric geometry. By solving transport equations of electron and radicals simultaneously, we observed that the way how source gases are consumed in the non-isothermal flow field and such consequences on active species production were outlined as playing the leading parts in the processes. As an example of application of the model for the prediction of the deposited thickness uniformity in a 300 mm wafer plasma processing chamber, the results were compared with the experimentally measured deposition profiles along the radius of the wafer varying inter-electrode gap. The simulation results were in good agreement with experimental data.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2013

Objectives: For the practical application of the dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, a plasma reactor able to manage large volumes of water is needed. This study investigated the possibility of the practical application of a multi-plasma reactor which is a scaled-up version of a single plasma reactor. Methods: The multi-plasma reactor consists of several high-voltage transformers and plasma modules (discharge, ground electrodes and quartz dielectric tubes). The effects of water characteristics such as voltage (30-120 V), air flow rate (1-5 l/min), number of high-voltage transformers and plasma modules, and water quality on Escherichia coli (E. coli) disinfection and decrease of COD and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were investigated. Results: The experimental results showed that at a voltage of over 80 V, most of the E. coli were disinfected within 90 seconds. E. coli inactivation was not affected by the air flow rate. E. coli disinfection in the multiplasma process showed the traditional log-linear form of the disinfection curve. E. coli inactivation performance by transformer 3-Reactor 5 and transformer 3-Reactor 3 were similar. The disinfection performance of the UV process was affected by artificial sewage water. However, the plasma process was less affected by the artificial sewage within the standards for effluent water quality. Conclusions: Disinfection performance with several low voltages and plasma modules of three to five in number applied to the plasma process was higher than that concentrating a small amount of high voltage through a single plasma reactor. Removal of COD, $UV_{254}$ absorbance, and E. coli disinfection with the plasma process were better than with the UV process.

• 지질공학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 도로터널 건설시 감소하는 지하수위 저하의 범위와 이로 인한 인근 계곡 소하천의 영향을 평가하기 위한 유동해석 및 터널공사 시 오탁수 배출에 의한 인근 수원의 오염여부를 평가하기 위한 오염물 이동 해석을 수행하였다. 터널굴착 공기인 30개월 동안 하강하는 지하수의 저하량은 최대 27 m로 나타났고 터널중심에서 50 m 이내에서 가장 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 이로 인한 지하수의 유동이 터널 내로 유입되는 형상으로 보여주고 있으며 터널반경 200 m까지는 적지만 수위저하의 영향이 나타났다. 터널에서 배출되는 오탁수 배출의 영향을 검토하기 위한 오염물 이동 수치모델링 결과 터널종단부에서 발생하는 탁수의 거동범위는 최대 120 m내외이며 이로 인한 소하천의 오염 위험은 크지 않을 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.850-862
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• 2007

This study was carried out to survey the actual conditions of wastewater treatment facilities to obtain basic data for the management of wastewater from industrial complexes in Chungcheongnam-do province. Wastewater production flow per site area by watersheds was $49.2m^3/km^2/d$ for Sapgyoho, $8.1m^3/km^2/d$ for Anseongcheon, $5.7m^3/km^2/d$ for Seohae, and $2.9m^3/km^2/d$ for Geumgang. Sapgyoho showed 75% of the total production flow, which was the highest value, Geumgang showed 4% of total flow, which was the lowest value. Average total extra rate as production flow/capacity flow in the wastewater treatment facilities for industrial complex is 49%. Considering by watersheds, the extra rates of Seohae, Geumgang, Anseongcheon, and Sapgyoho, are 73%, 65%, 62%, and 33% respectively. This means that the design of capacity flow in wastewater treatment facilities was too large. Effluent concentration of wastewater treatment facilities did not exceed discharge limit mostly. The removal efficiency rate for water quality item was 90% in BOD, 70% in COD, 80% in SS, 30 to 80% in TN, and 20 to 90% in TP, so the organic removal was good, but the nutrient removal was low and interval of variation was high. The removal efficiency rate of the agricultural was industrial complexes is lower than the national and local complexes. The construction cost of the wastewater treatment facilities in Chungcheongnam-do was $1,756Won\;per\;m^3$, treatment cost was $189Won\;per\;m^3$, and they were about two times and 1.2 times higher than the nation-wide cost, respectively. The treatment cost consists of 39% for man power, 21% for chemical, 16% for power, 11% for sludge treatment, and 13% for others.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.106-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is prediction of landslide occurrence reflecting the subsurface flow characteristics within the soil layer in the future due to climate change in a large scale watershed. To do this, we considered the infinite slope stability theory to evaluate the landslide occurrence with predicted soil moisture content by SWAT model based on monitored data (rainfall-soil moisture-discharge). The correlation between the SWAT model and the monitoring data was performed using the coefficient of determination (R²) and the model's efficiency index (Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency; NSE) and, an accuracy analysis of landslide prediction was performed using auROC (area under Receiver Operating Curve) analysis. In results comparing with the calculated discharge-soil moisture content by SWAT model vs. actual observation data, R² was 0.9 and NSE was 0.91 in discharge and, R² was 0.7 and NSE was 0.79 in soil moisture, respectively. As a result of performing infinite slope stability analysis in the area where landslides occurred in the past based on simulated data (SWAT analysis result of 0.7~0.8), AuROC showed 0.98, indicating that the suggested prediction method was resonable. Based on this, as a result of predicting the characteristics of landslide occurrence by 2050 using climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) data, it was calculated that four landslides could occur with a soil moisture content of more than 75% and rainfall over 250 mm/day during simulation. Although this study needs to be evaluated in various regions because of a case study, it was possible to determine the possibility of prediction through modeling of subsurface flow mechanism, one of the most important attributes in landslide occurrence.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.292-303
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 현재 전 세계적으로 해안선 회복공법의 주류가 된 연성방어 중 하나인 샌드바이패싱을 위한 새로운 시스템을 제안하고자 한다. 검증을 위하여 경제성을 고려한 연구장비를 설계 및 제작하였다. 본 장비의 모래 토출율 예측은 일반적인 하천준설 시스템에 적용시켜 정류상태에서 시간당 토출된 물과 토사 무게를 측정 분석하는 방법으로 수행했다. 자료의 분석 결과, 본 시스템은 이론치에 약 9.6% 차이로 근접한 618 ton/hr의 토출율을 나타냈다. 본 토사류는 고밀도 흐름으로 가정했을 때 비교적 높은 수준으로 예측이 가능함을 알았다. 현장실험에 의한 토출율을 기초로 모래의 토출부피를 예측하였다. 본 시스템과 동일한 400 HP 엔진, 흡입 파이프 300 mm (12 inch), 토출 파이프 250 mm(10 inch)인 미국 플로리다 South Lake Worth Inlet에 설치되어 있는 고정식 샌드바이패싱 장비는 함미비가 20% 수준이며 토사 토출율이 $110\;m^3/hr$이다. 본 연구에서 제안된 장비의 펌핑 능력은 함미비가 동일할 때, 플로리다 설비와 거의 유사한 토사 효율이 $103\;m^3/hr$로 예측된다. 본 장비는 플로리다에 설치된 고정식이 아니며 친수성을 고려한 이동식 형태이다. 플로리다 South Lake Worth Inlet 설비의 샌드바이패싱 단가는 미화 8~9 달러/$m^3$이다(Brunn, 1993). 본 시스템은 모래량이 적은 경우에 적절하며 이동을 위한 별도의 장비가 필요하지 않으므로 경제적이고 운행을 위해 25~30 l/hr의 경유가 소모된다. 많은 양의 모래이동을 위해 다수의 소형장비를 동시에 운영하는 시스템은 추후 연구대상이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2018

In the desert and Gobi regions with strong wind and large sediment discharge, sand transporting engineering is more effective than sand blocking and sand fixing measures in sand prevention. This study uses the discrete phase model of 3D numerical simulation to study the motion trail, motion state and distribution rule of sand particles with different grain diameters when the included angle between the main shaft of the feather-row lateral transportation sand barrier and the wind direction changes, and conducts a comparison in combination with the wind tunnel test and the flow field rule of common sand barrier. According to the comparison, when wind-sand incoming flow passes through a feather-row sand barrier, sand particles slow down and deposit within the deceleration area under the resistance of the feather-row sand barrier, move along the transportation area formed by the transportation force, and accumulate as a ridge at the tail of the engineering. With increasing wind speed, the eolian erosion of the sand particles to the ground and the feather-row sand barrier is enhanced, and the sand transporting quantity and throw-over quantity of the feather-row sand barrier are both increased. When sand particles with different grain diameters bypass the feather-row sand barrier, the particle size of the infiltrating sands will increase with the included angle between the main shaft of the feather-row sand barrier and the wind direction. The obtained result demonstrates that, at a constant wind speed, the flow field formed is most suitable for the lateral transportation of the wind-drift flow when the included angle between the main shaft of the feather-row sand barrier lateral transportation engineering and the wind speed is less than or equal to $30^{\circ}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2013

최근에 대용량 에너지 저장 시스템으로 레독스 흐름전지(Redox Flow Battery, RFB)가 활발히 연구 개발되고 있다. 불소계막을 대신할 저가의 탄화수소막이 RFB막으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) 막을 사용해 고가의 불소계막과 그 특성을 바나듐 레독스 흐름전지(VRB, Vanadium Redox Flow Battery)조건에서 비교하였다. 바나듐 이온투과도, 이온 교환 용량, OCV 변화, 팽윤, 충 방전 곡선, 에너지 효율 등을 측정했다. PAES 막은 Nafion 117막에 비해 바나듐 이온투과도가 낮고, 이온교환용량은 커서 Nafion 117을 사용한 RFB보다 에너지 효율이 높았다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.79-91
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• 1993

한강, 낙동강, 금강, 섬진강, 영산강 등 우리나라 5대강 본류 주요지점에서의 광범위한 수문자료(水文資料)를 토대로 유황분석(流況分析)을 수행하였다. 우리나라 하천유량 자료의 신뢰도상의 한계를 감안하여, 특히 저수위시수위(低水位時水位)-유량(流量) 관계곡선의 검토 동 본 유황분석에서 이용된 유량자료의 검토에 세심한 배려를 하였다. 본 연구에 의하면, 우리나라 주요 수계의 유황은 상류에 다목적댐 건설로 상당히 개선된 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 유황개선 효과는 주요 수계의 하상계수(河狀係數)가 댐 건설이전 자연상태에서 300-400 정도이었으나 댐 건설이후 100-300 정도로 감소한 사실과 본 연구에서 제시된 '유황계수(流況係數)'가 대폭 감소한 사실 등에 의해서 확인되어진다. 수계별로는 한강과 영산강의 유황은 상대적으로 안정되어 있고 금강과 섬진강의 유황은 불안정한 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 금강과 섬진강에 새로운 수자원 개발의 필요성을 간접적으로 시사하고 있다.