• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

This study was carried out to compile year 2001 forest resource statistics for the State of Virginia. USA. Virginia has 15.8 million acres (6.4 million ha) of forested 1and, accounting for 62% of the landcover with non-industrial private forest landowners owning 77% of the forested area. Deciduous forests make up 78% of Virginia's forests. Total tree volume is 26.5 billion cubic ft, of which average volume per acre is $1.677ft^3/ac(117m^3/ha)$. The overall annual volume of roundwood output is $543\;million\;ft^3$. Tree growth exceeds removals by $271\;million\;ft^3$ each year for all species statewide. Average net forest land loss in Virginia is 20,000 acre (8,094 ha) per year. In 1999, the forest products industry contributed over $25.4 billion to Virginia's economy while providing over 248,000 jobs. Among forest industries logging contributes to the economy at over $863 million/yr; timber accounts for the greatest amount (28%) of the total market value of Virginia's agricultural crops. Revenue received from stumpage by landowners exceeded $345 million/yr. In their entirety. Virginia's forests provide over $30.5 billion in annual return. including $3 billion for recreation and $1.9 billion for carbon sequestation and pollution control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find the suitability site selection for the construction of Saemangeum horticulture complex taking into account cost-effective environmental management by analyzing and comparing meteorological conditions. The study sites were regions around the Saemangeum area in which the development of an industrial complex extending 28,300 ha is planned. We collected meteorological data in 12 candidate sites and established a rating scheme and thematic maps. We selected ten themes by consulting experts using a questionnaire. Selected ten themes is Summer, 20 days max. temp. mean, Winter, 20 days min. temp. mean, Summer, 90 days temp. mean, Winter, 90 days temp. mean, Year-round, max. wind velocity, Year-round, wind velocity mean, Winter, 90 days solar radiation mean, Year-round, number of foggy days, Year-round, 1 day max. rainfall and Spring. 90 days humidity mean. And we set ratio-based weights for the evaluation parameters.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.961-987
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• 2012

The present study is to investigate the characteristics and determinants of spatial distribution of strong small farm by defining the term, strong small farm (SSF) extracting the SSF households data dealing with apples, from 2010 Census of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Korea. Spatial distribution and concentration of SSF are analyzed based on spatial clustering techniques. We construct discrete dependent variables on strong and non-strong small farms and then analyze the determinants of the SSFs using probit model, with independent variables including population and economic characteristics and management characteristics. As of 2010, the apple SSFs, 1,529 households in total, are geographically concentrated in Gyeonsangbuk-do according to the analysis results. The determinants of SSF are similar to those of farms' earnings. When located in the apple producing area, and participating in producers organization while selling products directly, the farm is highly likely an SSF. The findings and results of the present study are expected to provide fundamental information helpful for preparing and implementing policies for SSFs in that the present study investigates the characteristics of SSF, which is a prerequisite step for SSF-related policies.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.144-155
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• 2020

This research developed an approach to identify ecologically important areas at local scales and explained how the results of this approach could contribute to extend the protected areas in the Republic of Korea (ROK). While most developed countries have considered various biotic and abiotic factors, ecological processes, migration routes, habitat connectivity, ecosystem services, and etc. to determine the protected areas, ROK has considered a few factors focusing on biodiversity, landscape, and the habitats of endangered organisms. However, for sustainable management of our nature, we need comprehensive understanding of various ecosystem factors and interactions among them at local scales in designating protected areas. Forthis, we developed a conceptual model based on the ecological engineering approach and then explained how the results of this approach could contribute to extend the protected areas. In particular, we considered future land-use and climate change in determining the priority areas for novel protected areas. Our research suggested an effective methodology 1) to include various ecosystem factors and 2) to consider future environmental changes as well as current environmental conditions in finding the ecologically important areas and prioritizing these areas. However, our approach has limitations on the real-world applications due to the lack of fundamental information and data on our ecosystems. To improve the effectiveness of our approach in the real-world applications, we need various long-term ecological research results, environmental and ecological monitoring data, and both current and future spatial environmental data.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.106-118
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• 2002

In recent years, synthetic and systematic management with conservation-oriented strategy for Baekdu-daegan, which is the greatest chine as well as the major ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula, is being required to cope adequately with the various kinds of developmental urge. For this, spatially definite zoning for the managerial area on Baekdu-daegan has to be completed first. This study is to take into consideration the traditional concepts of stream and watershed as well as the actual disturbance on Daegan area, and to propose the process for reasonably establishing the managerial boundary adjacent to the Ridges. The case site with topographically diverse characteristics was selected, and the analyses on watershed, road network and land use were carried out using the digital maps and Landsat TM images. Based on these analyses results, the managerial boundaries as alternatives from the Ridges were produced by watershed expansion process, and used for tracing the changes of road occupancy rate and the areal ratio of various land use types to the relevant watersheds to search out the adequate managerial boundary. The results show that watershed expansion process could be effective tool for establishing the managerial boundary, and the fourth expanded watershed would be included for the adequate managerial boundary of the case site.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.648-655
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• 2012

This research is aimed at suggesting the reasonable guideline for managing tree density of a therapeutic forest to enhance the therapeutic efficiency. To obtain visually preferable tree density for 4 coniferous tree species; Pinus koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, the simulations of tree density according to the 3 diameter classes are used. 250 people participated in questionnaire and 239 people of them were analyzed. The tree density preferences of 4 tree species are as follows; Pinus koraiensis forest; tree density for trees with Diameter (DBH=D)<25 cm about 816/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 400/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 277/ha. Chamaecyparis obtusa forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 625/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 400/ha. Pinus densiflora forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 816/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 400/ha. Larix kaempferi forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 625/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 277/ha.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this research aims to evaluate the emergence of new business mode in the Chinese water market since the mid-2000s - Transfer-Operate-Transfer(TOT) Projects. The study pays special attention to the case of the Hefei Wangxiaoying Wastewater Treatment TOT Project, which was awarded to the consortium of Berlin Water International and its Chinese partner in late 2004. The consortium secured an exclusive operating right for 23 years on the basis of a TOT scheme and would take responsibility of all the profits and losses in the operation of the plant. The total investment for the transfer amounted to RMB 491 million(US$70 million). The price was more than 288% of the original value, RMB 170 million (US$24 million). The project can be regarded as a successful case because of the following three causes. First, the Hefei government followed a series of standardized procedures in the international bidding, which ignited best-performed international players' competition for the project. Second, the project will bring in cutting-edge operation skills and management know-how. Third, the government succeeded in raising public asset values, and thanks to this, the government is able to consider other similar projects not only in the water sector but also other sectors in public utility services. Nevertheless, Berlin Water's point of view, there are several challenges. First, the company took a risk to pay such a large amount of cash to the Hefei government. Although such premium can be recouped in the operation period of 23 years, whether or not the company would be able to recover the initial investment and realize profits is in question due to an uncertainty of socio-political circumstances in China. Second, Berlin Water should expect a steep rise of water tariffs over the contract period in order to get the investment back. Water pricing is still a sensible matter to Chinese authorities, and therefore, it is uncertain if such rise of water tariffs would be possible. Third, the TOT mode leads to creation of a large amount of cash to government officials, which might have caused corruption between those who are involved in TOT deals. Then, the final contract fee would soar, which often results in the burden of normal customers. As discussed, the TOT mode has drawn much attention of foreign investors as a new alternative to enter into the Chinese water market. But it is important to note that foreign investors should be aware of possible risks in water TOT projects, which reflects some features of the Chinese political economy landscape and social norms. The Hefei case indicates that benefits can overshadow risks in TOT projects, which will continue to attract foreign investors that are dedicated to establishing their strongholds in the Chinese water market.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.8-16
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• 2016

This study presents the visualization of shape information based on Octree using 3D laser scanning. The process of visualization was established to construct the Octree structure from the 3D scan data. The scan data was converted to a 2D surface through the mesh technique and the surface was then converted to a 3D object through the Raster/Vector transformation. The 3D object was transmitted to the Octree Root Node and The shape information was constructed by the recursive partitioning of the Octree Root Node. The test-bed was selected as the steel bridge structure in Sungkyunkwan University. The shape information based on Octree was condensed into 89.3%. In addition, the Octree compressibility was confirmed to compare the shape information of the office building, a computer science campus in Germany and a New College in USA. The basis is created by the visualization of shape information for double-deck tunnel and it will be expected to improve the efficiency of structural health monitoring and maintenance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.248-258
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• 2020

In this study, an empirical analysis was performed with regards to traditional markets in Seoul, South Korea to find which physical maintenance elements, such as facility improvement for successful urban restoration, have greater effects on the expectation and activation awareness of successful urban restoration. This study targeted traditional markets located at the center of Seoul, which are visited by many domestic and international tourists as well as general consumers and are revitalizing the downtown area. A survey was conducted to collect a total of 515 completed questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results of the analyses in this study indicate relevant urban invigoration factors (psychological, physical, diversity, functional, and stability factors), and it was observed that the expectation of urban regeneration was under the direct influence of the invigoration factors. Such a finding is meaningful in that it suggests a set of criteria to evaluate the concept of traditional markets in a comprehensive manner for successful urban regeneration while highlighting relevant invigoration factors for traditional marketplaces for the purpose of urban regeneration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2006

This study was conducted to assess the diameter growth patterns of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis dominant species in natural deciduous forests in Korea. The diameter growth data were collected from 83 destructively sample trees for stem analysis in Gangwon-Do region. The relationship between diameter growth and 14 tree measurements was also analyzed. The average diameter growth rate of dominant trees for both species increased until ages of 15-20 years, and exhibited generally constant trend for subsequent ages. The diameter growth rate of both species ranged from 0.09-0.83 cm/yr across the all ages. Average annual diameter growth for last 5 measurement years was 0.28 cm/yr for Quercus mongolica and 0.27cm/yr for Quercus variabilis. The observed growth rate decreased with decreasing crown class. The difference between diameter growth rates for different crown classes was only statistically significant (p<0.0001) for Quercus mongolica. Pearson correlation coefficient between the diameter growth rate decreased with relative diameter (r=0.64), relative height (r=0.61), exposed crown area (r=0.58) and total crown area (r=0.56) for Quercus mongolica. For Quercus variabilis, Pearson correlation coefficient decreased with dbh (r=0.57), crown width (r=0.55), age (r=0.39), competition index (r=-0.39), and height (r=0.35).