• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.606-615
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• 2018

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately $63,323tCO_2\;eq/yr$ in 2005, while the lowest value of $35,962tCO_2\;eq/yr$ was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was $59,199tCO_2\;eq/yr$. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest ($-164,487tCO_2\;eq/yr$) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration ($-59,242tCO_2\;eq/yr$) and landfill gas recovery ($-23,922tCO_2\;eq/yr$). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was $-3.46MtCO_2\;eq$, implying a very positive impact on future $CO_2$ reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate present situation of recovery and treatment of waste home appliances, and to supply basic data for active reuse and recycling of waste home appliances. Among waste home appliances, refrigerator comprise 30.7%, television 37.8%, washing machine 22.9% and air conditioner 0.3%. Local government collected 46.2% of waste home appliances, producer and agent collected 49.7%, recycling center 4.1%. Seventeen percentage of waste home appliances are reused, 65% are recycled, and 18% are landfilled or incinerated. To improve the recycling activity of waste of home appliances, it is important to establish private reuse and recycling organization. It is also necessary to improve waste deposit and refund system for efficient recycling by decent financial support. Extension of a term of usage is another method to minimize waste home appliances. Finally, intensive education for consumer is necessary for waste minimization. Some portion of recycling and treatment cost can be allocated to the local government and large private business can shred and recycle waste home appliances.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.94-103
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• 2004

The generation of construction waste has increased continuously in the recent years, becoming an important social issue. In this paper, the generation and treatment of construction waste in Korea was reviewed and a comparative analysis was performed between Korea and developed countries to suggest some efficient recycling strategies. The generation of construction waste has increased 4 times from 10 million ton/yr in 1996 to 40.3 million ton/yr in 2002. Of the construction waste generated in 2002, concrete debris waste occupied 60.4%. Approximately 14.5% of the construction waste is landfilled, 2,0% incinerated and 83.4% recycled, then the recycling rate might be relatively high. However, there is room for increasing landfill diversion. It is somewhat important to strenghten incentives for the outstanding recycling business. It is also needed to improve the recycled aggregate quality standard and impurity content standard. It is desirable to toughen the facility standard for the recycling aggregate business and the quality standard for the intermediate treatment business. Also, market for the intermediate product of the recycled aggregate should be activated. Finally, more recycling-oriented regulations governing the construction waste has to be developed with the efficient public education program.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2016

An information management system for a solid waste landfill site was developed, in this study, to optimize the operation and management of solid waste landfill in real time in addition to provide the information of landfill status to the landfill operator, public official concerned and local residents. The landfill information management system is composed of two systems (Solid waste landfill history management system and landfill operation and performance management system). The solid waste landfill history management system based on automated RFID/LPR system allows landfill operators to provide information of waste collection vehicles and received waste. In addition, the system aids in the identification of 3-dimensional (3D) position for landfilled solid wastes. Using the landfill operation and performance management system based on 3D laser scanner delivers information about landfill volume, settlement, landfill density, and current landfill capacity to landfill operators in real time, resulting in optimum space utilization. Ultimately, this system would dramatically reduce exposure of landfill operators to hazardous materials and improve the productivity of landfill operations.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2017

With the purpose of energy recovery from sludge having calorific value as fuel we investigated the current status and characteristics of sludge in Korea in order to understand the type and amount of sludge that can recover energy. 'The Status Report on Waste Generation and Treatment in Korea' announced that 152 million tons of wastes were generated nationwide in 2015 and 9.2 % of the whole waste disposed into landfills which includes 15.1 % of the total industrial wastes. The average of upper calorific values of sewage sludge was 3,021 kcal/kg and that of wastewater sludge was 2,472 kcal/kg respectively. In order to determine the sludge as fuel, each correlations between calorific value, carbon content and combustibility ratio were evaluated. In the study, the current status and characteristics of sludge in Korea were investigated in order to understand the type and amount of sludge as fuel to recover energy. It is predicted that if the energy of sludge having a calorific value of 6 MJ/kg($${\sim_=}1,500kcal/kg$$) or more is recovered as fuel, the amount of the sludge disposed into landfills can be reduced about 40 %.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 1993

The integrated solid waste management for Seoul Metropolitan city can be established on the basis of the following hierarchy of priorities: 1. Efforts for source reduction should be propelled by both government and citizens to achieve the effects of resource conservation. The adequate production and consumption which are environmentally amenable and sustainable can be induced by the reasonable imposition of deposit money for waste treatment to one-time use products. To accomplish source reduction effectively, the induction of legal and institutional regulation of producer and consumer participation is requisite. 2. For resource recovery, wastes generated should be recycled as far as practicable. Community residents are responsible to separate discharge, the authorities concerned have responsibility of separate collection, and recycling industry should be assissted through tax reduction and financing. Resource separation facilities can be constructed at Kimpo Metropolitan landfill site for wastes not separately collected due to some unavoidable circumstances. 3. Garbage should be composted. Garbage is uneconomical for incineration, because it has high moisture content and low calorie, thus there is no reason for the incineration of garbage even though garbage is classified into combustibles. Composting facilities can be located at sites which are not densely populated and easily accessible to transportation, for example, Kimpo Metropolitan landfill site. Compost produced can be managed by the authorities for the use of fertilizer to a green tract of suburban land and farms. 4. Nonhazardous combustible wastes not recyclable can be utilized for thermal recovery at the incinerators which are completely equipped with pollution control devices. According to the trend of local autonomy and the equity principle of local autonomous entities, incineration facilities of minimal capacity required can be constructed at each districts of Seoul Metropolitan city which have organized local assembly. In case of Yangcheon district, the economically combustible waste quantity is about 260 tons/day which exceeds 150 tons/day, the incineration capacity of existing facility. But, from now on, waste quantity can be reduced substantially by the intensive efforts of citizens for source reduction and recycling and the institutional support of administrative organizations. Especially, it is indispensable for the government to constitute institutional and technological bases that can recycle paper and plastics form 43% of waste generated. A good time for constructing of incineration facilities for municipal solid waste can be postponed to the time that pollution control technologies of domestic enterprises are fully developed to satisfy the standards of air pollution prevention, because the life expectancy of Kimpo Metropolitan landfill site is about 25 years. Within this period, institutional improvements and technological advancements can be attained, while the air qual. ity of Seoul Metropolitan city can be ameliorated to the level to afford incineration facilities. 5. For final disposal, incombustibles and ash are landfilled sanitarily at Kimpo Metropolitan landfill site.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

Recently, wood-framed houses has been built in the Korea for pension. Wood is good material for human healthy, while the construction lumbers are treated with preservative such as CCA (chromated copper arsenate), which contain some toxic elements for human body. However, if the waste woody biomass treated with various heavy metals, which has been collected from house construction or demolition, was fired in the field, and incinerated or landfilled after mass collection, such components will result in the toxic air pollutants in the burning or land fills, and spreaded into other areas. So the careful selection of wood and chemicals are required in advance for house construction, in particular, for environment-friendly housings. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the content of toxic heavy metals in woody materials such as domestic hinoki and imported hemlock treated with CCA for housing materials, and the post-treated wood components such as organic fertilizer, sludge, dry-distilled charcoal and carbonized charcoal, to be returned finally into soil. The results are as follows. 1) The chemical analysis of toxic trace elements in various solid biomass required accurate control and management of laboratory environment, and reagents and water used, because of the error of data due to various foreign substances added in various processing and transporting steps. So a systematic analyzers was necessary to monitor the toxic pollutants of construction materials. 2) In particular, the biomass treated with industrial biological or thermal conditions such as sludge or charcoals was not fully dissolvable after third addition of $HNO_3$ and HF. 3) The natural woody materials such as organic fertilizer, sludge. and charcoals without any treatment of preservatives or heavy metal components were nontoxic in landfill because of the standard of organic fertilizers, even after thermal or biological treatments. 4) The CC A-treated wood for making the construction wood durable should not be landfilled, because of its higher contents of toxic metals than the criterion of organic fertilizer for agriculture or of natural environment. So the demolished waste should be treated separately from municipal wastes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2021

The expiration date of high energetic materials(HEM), such as HMX, RDX, TNT, is important. If the expiration date is violated, the expected specification of HEM would not be satisfied which may cause a different conclusion in an urgent situation. As a result, this HEM should maintain fresh conditions which cause the accumulation of waste HEM. If HEM is landfilled during demilitarization, the impact on living organizations is serious. Additionally, landfilling HEM has a possibility of explosion. In this research, the process flow diagram of the demilitarization gas treatment process was simulated while satisfying the law of the environment in Korea. After validation of simulation, it was optimized thermodynamically using Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis(HENs). This study is expected to enhance the energy efficiency of the original facility by suggesting developed designs. This research was supported by Agency of Defense Development NE32 Korea. Thanks to Agency of Defense Development, Korea

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2005

Landfilling is most widely used as the final disposal tool of solid wastes. Solid wastes landfilled are stabilized by microbial degradation which is affected by several factors such as moisture, oxygen, pH, alkalinity, sulphate, nutrient, inhibitor, hydrogen, and temperature. Especially moisture plays a major role in microbial degradation. In this study, the effects of moisture on the degradation of municipal solids waste (MSW) were investigated. Four lysimeters with four different levels of moisture content i.e., 20, 30, 40, and 50% were operated; lysimeters were packed with MSW, and anaerobically operated. Anaerobic lysimeters with higher moisture content produced more $CO_2$ and landfill gases (LFG). It means that the moisture has a positive effect on the microbial degradation.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2000

The environmental assessment on the open dumping landfill of small scale which was situated in local small city was carried out to reuse the landfill site as the residental, commercial and other purposes through the analysis of the leachate of landfill, extracted solution from landfill waste. The waste was landfilled at 5.5~8m depth and the covered layer so poor as 20~50cm thickness. The biodegradable organic matters were almost degraded and the result of the leachate of landfill showed that the BOD/COD ratio were measured as 0.079, pH 7.2~7.6, SS 47736mg/L, COD 6193.8mg/L, T-N 596mg/L, and T-P 123.9mg/L respectively. These results were higher than those of extracted solution of landfill waste as the COD and BOD were measured as low values and T-N 7.77mg/L and T-P as 0.20mg/L lower concentrations the landfill appears the maturation phase. As the result of the assessment on the open dumping landfill of small scale, if appears that this landfill is maturation phase and the formation leachate is reduced. If the treatment facility of leachate from landfill and the layer which protects the inflow/infiltration is prepared, it can be safely used as this landfill site.