• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2008

China's agriculture is changing now, especially in terms of cash farming. Orange farming is one of the main cash crops. This study is to identify the labor utilization of orange farming of farm households in China. The Results are as follows. First, farm size increasing is an essential measure to save labor. Big farm requires less than 20% of labor inputs than that of average size farm. Second, in the aspect of the employment labor, while male labor accounted for the 5% of total labor, female employment labor took up much more, which amounts to almost half of family labor. Third, the average wage of men is almost twice as much as that of women's wage, and it is sharply increasing. Fourth, Chinese farm households put more labor input than Korean farm households in orange production, which is due to the substitution of capital for labor.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1995

The experiment is conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest if cultivating the potatoes using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 60 min., fixing + turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., the time of harvest is 65 min and 30sec., digging working hours using cultivator are 99 min. and fixing +turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., but the time of hand harvesting is 990 min. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 94% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 90%. On non mulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 49 min. and 30 sec. and that by cultivator does 87 min. and 30 sec., and digging labor saving effect shows 94% in the tractor harvest and 90% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and non mulching show, $0.091\sim0.121ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger both show $0.057\sim0.069ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of potatoes, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the potatoes with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 20 min./10a in vinyl mulching and 19 hours. and 54 min./10a in non mulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows $42\sim45%$ in comparison with 35 hours and 21 min. $\sim35$ hours and 23 min.($123,113\sim130,613$ won) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $71,250\sim72,225$ won. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 55 min. and non mulching 19 hours and 38 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $14\sim44%$ ($72,675\sim73,313$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest in cultivating the onion using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 55 min., fixing + turning time is 11 min.,the time of harvest is 66 min, digging working hours using cultivator are 90 min. and fixing + turning time is 9 min., but the time of hand harvesting is 693 min and 41 sec. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 90% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 86%. On nonmulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 44 min. and that by cultivator does 75 min, and digging labor saving effect shows 93.6% in the tractor harvest and 89% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and nonmulching show $0.091\sim0.136ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger-both show $0.061\sim0.08ha$, but in the case of hand harvest, vinyl mulching and nonmulching are $0.008\sim0.009ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of onion, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the onion with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 26min./10a in vinyl mulching and 18 hours and 54min./10a in nonmulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows 37% in comparison with 29 hours and 49 min. $\sim30$ hours and 38 min.($110,587\sim113,925won$) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $69,525\sim72,225won$. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 49 min and nonmulching 20 hours and 2 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $32\sim36%$($73,087\sim75,075$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2010

Extension of mandatory retirement age (MRA) differs from other labor supply increases in that it induces a change in the incentive to save for retirement. A simple general equilibrium model indicates that extension of MRA can lead to a decrease in life-time income and social welfare as it excessively discourages domestic savings and thus capital accumulation. However, in an open economy where capital inflow allows capital input in production to remain constant despite lower domestic capital stock, extension of MRA likely increases worker welfare. In such case, extension of MRA can contribute to expansion of hiring demands through lowering wages or mitigating upward pressures on wages.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2006

Scheduling of dismantling old research reactor need to consider time, cost and safety for the worker. The biggest issue when dismantling facility for research reactor is safety for the worker and cost. Large portion of a budget is spending for the labor cost. To save labor cost for the worker, reducing a lead time is inevitable. Several algorithms applied to reduce read time, and safety considered as the most important factor for this project. This research presents three different dismantling scheduling scenarios. Best scenario shows the specific scheduling for worker and machine, so that it could save time and cost.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2021

The effects of social distancing measures on income distributions and aggregate variables are examined with an off-the-shelf heterogeneous-agent incomplete-market model. The model shows that social distancing measures, which limit households' labor supply, can decrease the labor supply of low-income households who hold insufficient assets and need income the most given their borrowing constraints. Social distancing measures can therefore exacerbate income inequality by lowering the incomes of the poor. An equilibrium interest rate can fall when the social distancing shock is expected to be persistent because households save more to prepare for rising consumption volatility given the possibility of binding to the labor supply constraint over time. When the shock is expected to be transitory, in contrast, the interest rate can rise upon the arrival of the shock because constrained households choose to borrow more to smooth consumption given the expectation that the shock will fade away. The model also shows that social distancing shocks, which diminish households' consumption demand, can decrease households' incomes evenly for every income quantile, having a limited impact on income inequality.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2015

A study was conducted to examine treatment method, proper concentration, and treatment time of gibberellin(GA₃) for human labor saving at harvest in 'Campbell Early' grapevine. Fruit berry thinning reduced labor by GA₃ 40ppm treatment of 5 days prior to full bloom, and, at GA₃ 10, 20, and 40ppm during full bloom, by 14.27~19.15 minutes/tree. Therefore, although labor was reduced by dipping treatment at 40ppm of 5 days prior to full bloom and 20 and 40 ppm during full bloom, severe shattering was observed at 40ppm dipping treatment, and soluble solids decreased, which suggests difficulty with commercialization. The result suggests that proper time and concentration of GA₃ fruit cluster dipping treatment at full bloom and 10 and 20ppm, respectively.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.640-648
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• 2022

In the United States, the Safety Rest Areas (SRAs) were introduced as highway roadside infrastructures in the early 1900s. The State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) operate/maintain their SRAs using different methods. The Washington DOT used the in-house workforce method for over 20 years, whereas some states moved to Performance-Based Contracting (PBC) from the in-house workforce to save cost primarily. Several existing studies claimed that using the PBC approach saved costs on several highway assets. Thus, the principal objective of this study is to compute and compare the unit operating/maintenance cost of SRAs using the in-house workforce method (in Washington state) with the PBC approach (in other states). The findings of this study show that the average annual cost using the PBC approach was much more than the average annual cost using the in-house workforce approach. The findings also show that in Washington state, the 'Labor Cost' category was a key expenditure, which is statistically higher than other categories. The 'Labor Cost' was followed by the 'Other Services', and then 'Materials and Supplies' and 'Equipment.' The study's findings indicated that outsourcing does not always save costs for agencies. The study findings may help transportation construction/maintenance professionals select a cost-effective approach for their future planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1993

Ridger and vinyl mulcher for 8-10 PS power tiller which were distributed at the rate of one out of 2.3 farm households in Korea, was developed to ease the labor shortage of tobacco production. Devices wheel shaft extension by 30cm at both sides improved the stability of straight drive and enabled to save required labor hours by 50% for ridging at sloping field. Screw type blades were attached on center drive rotavator shaft, gear set was deviled to reverse the rotavator, and it was good at need to adjust the width and height for ridge. As the results, required labor hours for ridging and vinyl mulching could be saved by 90% as compared to conventional manual method after cattle plowing, and by 50% as compared to conventional power tiller method.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.630-638
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate an efficient use of labor in personnel scheduling for the restaurant industry. More specifically, this study attends to reduce overall labor cost while not sacrificing both full-time and part-time employees' schedules. The customers' demands were measured by sales in this analysis. Historically, server scheduling in the restaurant has been practiced by manager's experience and intuition; however, those practices provided drawbacks because managers often fail to consider external factors such as a employees' working conditions and change in a restaurant's size. The result of a new method in personnel scheduling provided significant cost saving compared to a previous scheduling technique. This study found that a new method in personnel scheduling allowed the restaurant to save labor cost. The outcome of this study should of for important strategic implication for the restaurant managers.