• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1997

This study is aimed at identifying the value of marginal products(VMP) of agricultural labor, capital and land. The resources are the major portion of input costs of agricultural projects. To appraise economic feasibility of agricultural projects, the real value of the resources would be estimated by VMP of the inputs rather than by distorted actual market prices such as rural wages, rent and interest. To convert the market wage rate into shadow wage rate, covertion factor of 0.90 would be appicable based on the study results. To evaluate the right of way and compensation, VMP of land is recommendable to apply in land pricing rather than actural land rent prevailing in rural area which has been underrated on account of labor shortage and difficulty of farming. Discount rate as a opportunity cost of capital should be applied 7-8% considering the VMP of capital and interest rate of foreign loan from IBRD and ADB. For the successful appraisal of the agricultural projects, the recommendation of this study would be applied in the future.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.137-151
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• 2011

This study examines the condition of transfers between mothers and adult children, analyzing the influencing factors in such transfers. Specifically the study examines the influence of financial transfers and economic resources on financial transfers and grandchild caregiving between mothers and adult children. The sample of 3719 mothers with adult children was extracted from the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. The major findings are as follows. Mothers's socio-demographic characteristics are important factors in explaining financial transfers between mothers and adult children. Mothers who have jobs and spouses are more likely to provide economic resource to their adult children than those who don't have. In terms of receiving economic resources from adult children, statistically meaningful factors are mothers' age, labor market participation, marital status, household income, household asset, and children's labor market participation. Especially, labor market participation of mothers and adult children is statistically powerful factor in financial transfers and caregiving.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1995

The experiment is conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest if cultivating the potatoes using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 60 min., fixing + turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., the time of harvest is 65 min and 30sec., digging working hours using cultivator are 99 min. and fixing +turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., but the time of hand harvesting is 990 min. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 94% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 90%. On non mulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 49 min. and 30 sec. and that by cultivator does 87 min. and 30 sec., and digging labor saving effect shows 94% in the tractor harvest and 90% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and non mulching show, $0.091\sim0.121ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger both show $0.057\sim0.069ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of potatoes, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the potatoes with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 20 min./10a in vinyl mulching and 19 hours. and 54 min./10a in non mulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows $42\sim45%$ in comparison with 35 hours and 21 min. $\sim35$ hours and 23 min.($123,113\sim130,613$ won) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $71,250\sim72,225$ won. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 55 min. and non mulching 19 hours and 38 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $14\sim44%$ ($72,675\sim73,313$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relationship between the level of emotional labor and occupational job stress of hospital nursing staff. Methods: The survey was conducted from Mar. to Oct. 2009 to collect data from clinical nurses (N=496). Results: The study showed that nurses without religion and those working in big-sized hospitals had higher scores in emotional labor, and those of 26~30 years old felt the highest stress in the occupational role. The same applied to the married, more work experienced, atheist and those working in big-sized hospitals. Unmarried, under educated nurses with less work experience working in the big-sized hospitals showed higher scores in personal strain. The scores of the personal resources depended on religion, work experience, marital status and position of their jobs. Emotional labor was positively correlated with an occupational role and personal strain, respectively, but the emotional labor, occupational role and personal strain were negatively correlated with personal resources respectively. Conclusion: Intervention program is required to reduce overload of nurse's role and to relieve physical and psychological strains of the under-30-age-group. Also, social support and rational/cognitive coping must be reinforced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.118-134
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest in cultivating the onion using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 55 min., fixing + turning time is 11 min.,the time of harvest is 66 min, digging working hours using cultivator are 90 min. and fixing + turning time is 9 min., but the time of hand harvesting is 693 min and 41 sec. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 90% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 86%. On nonmulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 44 min. and that by cultivator does 75 min, and digging labor saving effect shows 93.6% in the tractor harvest and 89% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and nonmulching show $0.091\sim0.136ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger-both show $0.061\sim0.08ha$, but in the case of hand harvest, vinyl mulching and nonmulching are $0.008\sim0.009ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of onion, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the onion with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 26min./10a in vinyl mulching and 18 hours and 54min./10a in nonmulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows 37% in comparison with 29 hours and 49 min. $\sim30$ hours and 38 min.($110,587\sim113,925won$) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $69,525\sim72,225won$. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 49 min and nonmulching 20 hours and 2 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $32\sim36%$($73,087\sim75,075$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-124
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• 2001

Co-residence is a type of intergenerational private transfers of resources: money, time and space. Adult daughters and their elderly parents decide to co-reside, depending on their utility levels before and after co-residence that mainly depend on the health status of the elderly. Therefore, co-residence implies positive net benefits to both parties in the sense that, when they co-reside, elderly parents share childcare and adult daughter provide elderly care. In other words, formal (paid) care can be substituted with informal (unpaid) one. Both marriage and giving births are considered as the major obstacles to labor market attachment of women who bear burdens of home production and childcare. Co-residence can be a solution for married women to avoid career interruption by sharing burdens with their elderly parents. However, most previous studies using the U.S. data on intergenerational private transfers focused on elderly care and have concluded that they reduce government expenditures associated with public subsidies to the elderly. This study focuses on adult daughters and it examines effects of co-residence on labor supply of married women in Korea, who face limited formal childcare programs in terms of both quantity and quality. It applies the Tobit model of married women's labor supply to the data from the Second Wave of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey( 1999), in order to investigate effects of co-residence and the work and health status of the co-residing elderly as well as their own health status. Four specifications of the empirical model are tested that each includes co-residence with elderly parents, their gender, or their work and health status. Estimation results show that co-residence, co-residence with female elderly, and co-residence with not-working female elderly have significant positive effects on labor supply of married women while poor health status of co-residing female elderly does not bring about any negative effects. However, co-residence with male elderly, regardless of their work and health status, has no significant effect The results indicate that co-residence is closely related to sharing of home production among female elderly and adult daughters who are married and, through intergenerational private transfers of resources in terms of time, it helps women avoid career interruption.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2018

The concept of soft power presents both theoretical and practical difficulties for researchers and policy makers. This essay examines the practical use of soft power and argues that soft power resources in education are important for attracting individuals to migrate between countries and assimilate to the new language and culture of the new location. Japan's attempts to utilize soft power resources in its educational system have provided mixed results dependent on the target population. Japan has successfully attracted individuals into fields related to higher education much more so than skilled labor programs. This essay discusses the importance of educational soft power resources in Japanese strategy to increase educated working population that is assimilated to Japanese language and culture. After reviewing the literature on soft power in Asia, and Japanese cultural integration policies, the essay examines three cases of Japanese educational soft power - the JET Programme, the caregiver-training program, and internationalization of university programs. In addition, the essay shows that Japan is more successful attracting higher educated individuals seeking higher paying employment rather than skilled labor through these programs.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.451-461
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore emotional labor experienced by nurses in ambulatory care setting. Method: The phenomenological method developed by Giorgi was used for this study. The participants were 9 nurses who had experienced emotional labor. Data were collected between May and August 2010 by face-to-face interviews. The interview was recorded and then transcribed. Results: The constituents associated with the meaning of the nurses' experiences of emotional labor in ambulatory care setting were as followings: bearing down of suffering emotions coming up from the bottom, feeling loneliness when having to undertake care alone by oneself, having conflict between nursing professional and services, managing mind by means of both internal and external resources, getting ridding oneself of conflict with forced emotions over time. Conclusions: The results of this study should contribute to a deeper understanding of the meaning of emotional labor experienced by nurses in ambulatory care. The results also highlight the need to develop programs for nurses in ambulatory care setting to help them express their real action.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aims to assess the impact of the emotional labor on female dental clinic employees' intention to leave, and the moderating effect of internal marketing, reducing the intention to leave and providing basic data for an effective human resources management of dental clinics. Methods : The structured self-administered questionnaires were distributed to dental hygienists, dental assistants and other employees (including administrative staff and dental coordinators, but excluding dentists) working at a dental hospital and at dental clinics in the Busan and Gyeongnam area. This study used SPSS Windows version 18.0 program (Chicago, IL, USA) to perform frequency factor, reliability, correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were performed using SPSS. Results : First, emotional labor had a positive effect on the intention to leave. Two components of the internal marketing, communication and employee welfare system, had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between employees' emotional labor and their intention to leave, while the education/training component of the internal marketing showed no moderating effect. Conclusion : Enhancement of communication and the employee welfare system will help dental care organizations reduce their employees' emotional labor and hence employees' turnover.